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Psychology - IN FOCUS Attachment > Animal studies of attachment > Flashcards

Animal studies of attachment Flashcards

1
Q

In the early 20th century a number of ethologists conducted animal studies of…

A

the relationships between newborn animals and their mothers

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2
Q

Ethologists’ observations of animal studies informed psychologists’ understanding of…

A

caregiver-infant attachment in humans

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3
Q

Which phenomenon did Lorenz (1952) observe?

A

Imprinting

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4
Q

Lorenz (1952) first observed the phenomenon of imprinting when he was at what stage in his life?

A

A child

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5
Q

Lorenz (1952) first observed the phenomenon of imprinting when he was a child and a neighbour gave him…

A

a newly hatched duckling that then followed him around

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6
Q

Lorenz (1952) first observed the phenomenon of imprinting when he was a child and a neighbour gave him a newly hatched duckling that…

A

then followed him around

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7
Q

As an adult Lorenz (1952) set up a classic experiment in which he divided a large clutch of goose eggs in what way?

A

Randomly

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8
Q

As an adult Lorenz (1952) set up a classic experiment in which he randomly divided a large clutch of…

A

goose eggs

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9
Q

What were the conditions in Lorenz (1952)’s study?

A

Half the eggs were hatched with the mother goose in their natural environment and the other half hatched in an incubator where the first moving object they saw was Lorenz

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10
Q

In Lorenz (1952)’s study, what was the first moving object that the eggs hatched in an incubator saw?

A

Lorenz

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11
Q

What did Lorenz (1952) find that the incubator group did in his study?

A

Followed Lorenz everywhere

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12
Q

What did Lorenz (1952) find that the control group did in his study?

A

Followed the mother

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13
Q

What happened when Lorenz (1952) mixed the two groups up in his study?

A

The control group followed the mother and the experimental group followed Lorenz

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14
Q

Which group was the control group in Lorenz’ study?

A

The group hatched in the presence of the mother

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15
Q

Which group was the experimental group in Lorenz’ study?

A

The group hatched in the incubator

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16
Q

What was the phenomenon that Lorenz (1952) researched called?

A

Imprinting

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17
Q

What is imprinting in terms of bird species that are mobile from birth?

A

They attach to and follow the first moving object they see

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18
Q

Lorenz identified a ________ ______ in which imprinting needs to take place

A

critical period

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19
Q

When is the critical period?

A

Depending on the species this can be as brief as a few hours after hatching (or birth)

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20
Q

What did Lorenz find happened if imprinting did not occur within the critical period?

A

Chicks did not attach themselves to a mother figure

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21
Q

Lorenz also investigated the relationship between imprinting and what kind of preferences?

A

Adult mate preferences

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22
Q

Lorenz (1952) observed that birds that imprinted on a human would often later display…

A

courtship behaviour towards humans

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23
Q

In a case study Lorenz (1952) described a peacock that had been…

A

reared in the reptile house of a zoo where the first moving objects the peacock saw after hatching were giant tortoises

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24
Q

In a case study Lorenz (1952) described a peacock that had been reared in the reptile house of a zoo where the first moving objects the peacock saw after hatching were…

A

giant tortoises

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25
Q

In Lorenz (1952)’s peacock case study, as an adult this bird would only direct courtship behaviour towards what?

A

Giant tortoises

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26
Q

Why did the peacock in Lorenz (1952)’s case study only direct courtship towards giant tortoises?

A

They were the first moving objects the peacock saw after hatching

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27
Q

What did Lorenz (1952) conclude about the peacock in his case study?

A

It had undergone sexual imprinting

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28
Q

Who carried out the most important animal research in terms of informing our understanding of attachment?

A

Harlow

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29
Q

Which animal did Harlow work with?

A

Rhesus monkeys

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30
Q

Which are more similar to birds, Lorenz’s birds or Harlow’s rhesus monkeys?

A

Harlow’s rhesus monkeys

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31
Q

Harlow (1958) observed that newborns kept alone in a bare cage often…

A

died

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32
Q

Harlow (1958) observed that newborns kept alone in a bare cage often died but that they usually survived if…

A

given something soft like a cloth to cuddle

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33
Q

Which idea did Harlow (1958) test?

A

The idea that a soft object serves some of the functions of a mother

34
Q

How did Harlow (1958) test the idea that a soft object serves some of the functions of a mother?

A

He reared 16 monkeys with two wire model ‘mothers’. In one condition milk was dispensed by the plain-wire mother whereas in a second condition the milk was dispensed by the cloth-covered mother

35
Q

How many monkeys did Harlow (1958) rear?

A

16

36
Q

Harlow (1958) reared 16 monkeys two wire model ‘_______’

A

mothers

37
Q

What were the two conditions in Harlow (1958) research?

A

In one condition milk was dispensed by the plain-wire mother whereas in a second condition the milk was dispensed by the cloth-covered mother

38
Q

What were Harlow (1958)’s findings?

A

The baby monkeys cuddled the cloth-covered mother in preference to the plain-wire mother and sought comfort from the cloth one when frightened

39
Q

Harlow (1958) found that the baby monkeys cuddled which mother in preference to the other?

A

The cloth-covered mother in preference to the plain-wire mother

40
Q

What frightened the baby monkeys in Harlow (1958)’s study?

A

A noisy mechanical teddy bear

41
Q

Harlow (1958) found that the baby monkeys sought comfort from the cloth mother when frightened, regardless of…

A

which mother dispensed milk

42
Q

What did Harlow (1958)’s findings show?

A

‘Contact comfort’ was of more importance to the monkeys than food when it came to attachment behaviour

43
Q

Harlow found that what was of more importance to the monkeys than food when it came to attachment behaviour?

A

‘Contact comfort’

44
Q

Harlow (1958) and colleagues also followed which monkeys into adulthood?

A

Monkeys who had been deprived of a ‘real’ mother

45
Q

Why did Harlow and his colleagues follow monkeys who had been deprived of a ‘real’ mother into adulthood?

A

To see if this early maternal deprivation had a permanent effect

46
Q

True/False: When investigating to see if early maternal deprivation had a permanent effect on monkeys, the researchers didn’t find very severe consequences

A

False: they found severe consequences

47
Q

Harlow and his colleagues found that monkeys reared with which mothers were the most dysfunctional in adulthood?

A

Plain-wire mothers only

48
Q

True/False: Harlow (1958) and colleagues found that even the monkeys reared with a cloth-covered mother did not develop normal social behaviour

A

True

49
Q

Harlow (1958) and his colleagues found that maternally deprived monkeys had what characteristics?

A

Were more aggressive and less sociable than other monkeys and they bred less often than is typical for monkeys being unskilled at mating

50
Q

True/False: Harlow (1958) and his colleagues found that maternally deprived monkeys were unskilled at mating

A

True

51
Q

Harlow (1958) and his colleagues found that when maternally deprived monkeys became mothers some of the deprived monkeys did what to their young?

A

Neglected them, attacked them and even killed them in some cases

52
Q

Similarly to Lorenz, Harlow concluded that…

A

there was a critical period for attachment formation - a mother figure had to be introduced to a young monkey within 90 days for an attachment to form

53
Q

Harlow (1958) concluded that there was a critical period for attachment formation - a mother figure had to be introduced to a monkey within how many days for an attachment to form?

A

90

54
Q

Harlow concluded that if a mother figure wasn’t introduced to a young monkey within 90 days, attachment was…

A

impossible and the damage done by early deprivation became irreversible

55
Q

Harlow concluded that if a mother figure wasn’t introduced to a young monkey within 90 days, attachment was impossible and…

A

the damage done by early deprivation became irreversible

56
Q

True/False: Harlow said that if a monkey didn’t form an attachment within the first 90 days of its life attachment was impossible and the damage done by early deprivation became irreversible

A

True

57
Q

One strength of Lorenz’s research is the existing support for the concept of __________

A

imprinting

58
Q

Who’s study supports Lorenz’s idea of imprinting (apart from Harlow’s)?

A

Regolin and Vallortigara (1995)

59
Q

What did Regolin and Vallortigara (1995) do in their study?

A

Chicks were exposed to simple shape combinations that moved, such as a triangle with a rectangle in front

60
Q

In Regolin and Vallortigara (1995)’s study, chicks were exposed to what that moved?

A

shape combinations

61
Q

In Regolin and Vallortigara (1995)’s study, chicks were exposed to simple shape combinations that moved, such as…

A

a triangle with a rectangle in front

62
Q

After being exposed to simple shape combinations that moved, chicks in Regolin and Vallortigara (1995)’s study then had a range of shape combinations moved in front of them and they…

A

followed the original most closely

63
Q

Regolin and Vallortigara (1995)’s findings supports the view that young animals are…

A

born with an innate mechanism to imprint on a moving object present in the critical window of development, as predicted by Lorens

64
Q

One limitation of Lorenz’s studies is the ability to generalise findings and conclusions from…

A

birds to humans

65
Q

True/False: The mammalian attachment system is quite different and more complex than that in birds

A

True

66
Q

How is the mammalian attachment system quite different and more complex than that in birds?

A

In mammals attachment is a two-way process, so it is not just the young who become attached to their mothers but also the mammalian mothers show an emotional attachment to their young

67
Q

In mammals attachment is a ___-___ process, so it is not just the young who become attached to their mothers but also the mammalian mothers show an emotional attachment to their young

A

two-way

68
Q

In mammals attachment is a two-way process, so it is not just the young who become attached to their mothers but also…

A

the mammalian mothers show an emotional attachment to their young

69
Q

Although human attachment is very different from that in birds there have been attempts to use the idea that some kind of ‘__________’ explains human behaviour

A

imprinting

70
Q

What does Seebach (2005) mean by his suggestion that computer users exhibit ‘baby duck syndrome’?

A

The attachment formed to their first computer operating system, leading them to reject others

71
Q

One strength of Harlow’s research is its important…

A

real-world applications

72
Q

True/False: Harlow’s research has helped social workers and clinical psychologists understand that a lack of bonding experience may be a risk factor in child development

A

True

73
Q

Harlow’s research has helped social workers and clinical psychologists understand that…

A

a lack of bonding experience may be a risk factor in child development

74
Q

What has been the impact of Harlow’s research helping social workers and clinical psychologists understand that a lack of bonding experience may be a risk factor in child development?

A

It has allowed them to intervene to prevent poor outcomes

75
Q

We also now understand the importance of attachment figures for baby monkeys in which environments?

A

zoos and breeding programmes in the wild

76
Q

Harlow’s research is not jus theoretical but also…

A

practical

77
Q

One limitation of Harlow’s research is the ability to generalise findings and conclusions from…

A

monkeys to humans

78
Q

True/False: Rhesus monkeys are much more similar to humans than Lorenz’s birds

A

True

79
Q

True/False: Not all mammals share common attachment behaviours

A

False, they do

80
Q

The fact that the human brain and human behaviour is more complex than that of monkeys means what about Harlow’s research?

A

It may not be appropriate to generalise Harlow’s findings to humans

81
Q

Harlow’s research caused severe long-term stress to the monkeys. What type of issue is this?

A

Ethical

Psychology - IN FOCUS Attachment (8 decks)

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