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Psychology - IN FOCUS Attachment > Cultural variations in attachment > Flashcards

Cultural variations in attachment Flashcards

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1
Q

IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) conducted a study to look at…

A

the proportions of secure, insecure-avoidant and insecure-resistant attachments across a range of countries to assess cultural variation

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2
Q

What type of variation did IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) look at in their study?

A

Cultural variation

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3
Q

IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) also looked at differences within the same _________ to get an idea of variations within a _______

A

countries, culture

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4
Q

Why did IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) also look at differences within the same countries?

A

To get an idea of variations within a culture

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5
Q

How many studies of attachment where the Strange Situation had been used to investigate the proportions of babies with different attachment types did IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) locate?

A

32

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6
Q

IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) located 32 studies of attachment where what had been used to investigate the proportions of babies with different attachment types?

A

the Strange Situation

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7
Q

IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) located 32 studies of attachment where the Strange Situation had been used to investigate the proportions of babies with different attachment types. How many countries were these conducted in?

A

8

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8
Q

True/False: IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) located 47 studies of attachment where the Strange Situation had been used to investigate the proportions of babies with different attachment types

A

False: they located 32

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9
Q

IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) located 32 studies of attachment where the Strange Situation had been used to investigate the proportions of babies with what?

A

different attachment types

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10
Q

IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) located 32 studies of attachment where the Strange Situation had been used to investigate the proportions of babies with different attachment types. How many of these were in the US?

A

15

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11
Q

The 32 studies of attachment that IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) located yielded results for how many children?

A

1990

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12
Q

What happened to the data from the 32 studies of attachment located by IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988)?

A

It was meta-analysed

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13
Q

Meta-analysed

A

Results of the studies were combined and analysed together, weighting each study for its sample size

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14
Q

IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988)’s meta-analysis found what between the proportions of attachment types in different studies?

A

Wide variation

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15
Q

IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988)’s meta-analysis found that in some/most/all countries secure attachment was the most common classification

A

all

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16
Q

IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988)’s meta-analysis found that which type of attachment was the most common classification in all countries?

A

Secure

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17
Q

IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988)’s meta-analysis found that the proportion of people with a secure attachment stayed the same/varied across cultures

A

varied

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18
Q

IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988)’s meta-analysis found that the proportion of people with a secure attachment varied from __% in Britain to __% in China

A

75, 50

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19
Q

IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988)’s meta-analysis found that the proportion of people with a secure attachment varied from 75% in _______ to 50% in _____

A

Britain, China

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20
Q

What did IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988)’s meta-analysis find about rates of insecure-resistant attachment in individualist cultures

A

They were similar to Ainsworth’s original sample (all under 14%)

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21
Q

True/False: IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988)’s meta-analysis found that rates of insecure-resistant attachment were similar to Ainsworth’s original sample in collectivist cultures

A

False, rates were above 25%

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22
Q

IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988)’s meta-analysis found that rates of insecure-resistant attachment in individualist cultures were similar to Ainsworth’s original sample - all under __%

A

14

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23
Q

IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988)’s meta-analysis found that the rates of insecure-resistant attachment in collectivist cultures from China, Japan and Israel were rates above __%

A

25

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24
Q

IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988)’s meta-analysis found that rates of insecure-avoidant attachment in collectivist cultures from China, Japan and Israel were increased/reduced

A

reduced

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25
Q

IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988)’s meta-analysis found that variations between results of studies within the same country were 150% greater/less than those between countries

A

greater

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26
Q

IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988)’s meta-analysis found that variations between results of studies within the same country were actually ___% greater than those between countries

A

150

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27
Q

IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988)’s meta-analysis found that in the US, one study found only __% securely attached compared to one sample as high as __%

A

46, 90

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28
Q

Where did Simonelli et al. (2014) conduct their study?

A

Italy

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29
Q

Simonelli et al. (2014) conducted a a study in Italy to see see…

A

whether the proportions of babies of different attachment types still matches those found in previous studies

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30
Q

How many babies did Simonelli et al. (2014) assess?

A

76

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31
Q

Simonelli et al. (2014) assessed 76 babies aged __ months using the Strange Situation

A

12

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32
Q

Simonelli et al. (2014) assessed 76 babies aged 12 months using what?

A

The Strange Situation

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33
Q

Simonelli et al. (2014) found that __% were secure, with 36% insecure-avoidant

A

50

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34
Q

Simonelli et al. (2014) found that 50% were secure, with __% insecure-avoidant

A

36

35
Q

The lower rate of secure attachment and higher rate of insecure-avoidant attachment found by Simonelli et al. (2014) has been found in few/many studies

A

many

36
Q

Researchers suggest that Simonelli et al. (2014)’s findings of a lower rate of secure attachment and a higher rate of insecure-avoidant is because…

A

increasing numbers of mothers of very young children work long hours and use professional childcare

37
Q

What do Simonelli et al. (2014)’s findings suggest?

A

Patterns of attachment types are not static but vary in line with cultural change

38
Q

Jin et al. (2012) conducted a study do compare…

A

the proportions of attachment types in Korea to other studies

39
Q

In Jin et al. (2012)’s study, what was used to assess 87 babies?

A

The Strange Situation

40
Q

In Jin et al. (2012)’s study, the Strange Situation was used to assess __ babies

A

87

41
Q

Jin et al. (2012) found that the overall proportions of insecure and secure babies in Korea were similar/different to those in most countries

A

Similar

42
Q

Jin et al. (2012) found that most babies in Korea had what type of attachment?

A

Secure

43
Q

What was different about the distribution of insecure-resistant and insecure-avoidant attachment amongst Korean babies found by Jin et al. (2012)?

A

Most of those classified as insecurely attached were resistant and only one baby was avoidant

44
Q

Jin et al. (2012) found that most of the Korean babies classified as insecurely attached were resistant/avoidant

A

resistant

45
Q

Jin et al. (2012) found that most of the Korean babies classified as insecurely attached were resistant, and only ___ baby(s) was/were avoidant

A

one

46
Q

The distribution of insecure-resistant compared to insecure-avoidant babies found in Jin et al. (2012)’s study was similar/different to the distribution of attachment types found in Japan by IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988)

A

similar

47
Q

Since Japan and Korea have quite similar child-rearing styles the similarity between distribution of types of attachment might be explained in terms of…

A

child-rearing style

48
Q

Secure attachment seems to be the ____ in a wide range of cultures

A

norm

49
Q

Secure attachment seems to be the norm in a wide range of cultures, supporting Bowlby’s idea that…

A

attachment is innate and universal and this type is the universal norm

50
Q

True/False: Research clearly shows that cultural practices have an influence on attachment type

A

True

51
Q

One strength of the research into cultural variations in attachment is that most of the studies were conducted by who?

A

Indigenous psyhcologists

52
Q

Indigenous psychologists

A

Those from the same cultural background as the participants

53
Q

Give an example of how IJzendoorn and and Kroonenberg included studies conducted by indigenous psychologists in their meta-analysis

A

Any from they included research by a German team (Grossmann et al. (1981)) or Takahashi (1986) who is Japanese

54
Q

If research is conducted by indigenous psychologists, this means that what can be avoided?

A

Many of the potential problems in cross-cultural research, such as researchers’ misunderstandings of the language used by participants or having difficulty communicating instructions to them. Difficulties can also include bias because of one nation’s stereotypes of another

55
Q

Give two examples of problems in cross-cultural research

A

Any 2 from researchers misunderstanding the language used by participants, researchers having difficulty communicating instructions to participants and bias because of one nation’s stereotypes of another

56
Q

The fact that most of the studies into cultural variations in attachment were conducted by indigenous psychologists means there is an excellent chance that…

A

researchers and participants communicated successfully - enhancing the validity of the data collected

57
Q

Why does the fact that most studies into cultural variations in attachment were conducted by indigenous psychologists enhance the validity of the data collected?

A

There is an excellent chance that researchers and participants communicated successfully

58
Q

True/False: All psychologists involved in research into cultural variations in attachment are indigenous

A

False, for example Morelli and Tronick (1991)

59
Q

True/False: Morelli and Tronick (1991) were indigenous psychologists

A

False, they were outsiders from America when they studied child-rearing and patterns of attachment in the Efé of Zaire

60
Q

Morelli and Tronick (1991)’s data might have been affected by…

A

difficulties in gathering data from participants outside their own culture

61
Q

The fact that Morelli and Tronick (1991) were not indigenous psychologists means that the data from some countries might have been affected by…

A

bias and difficulty in cross-cultural communication

62
Q

One limitation of cross-cultural research, including/excluding meta-analyses of patterns of attachment types, is the impact of confounding variables

A

including

63
Q

Studies conducted in different countries are/aren’t usually matched for methodology when they are compared in reviews or meta-analyses

A

aren’t

64
Q

The fact that studies conducted in different countries aren’t usually matched for methodology when they are compared in reviews or meta-analyses means that characteristics such as what can confound results?

A

Any from poverty, social class, urban/rural make-up and age

65
Q

The fact that studies conducted in different countries aren’t usually matched for methodology when they are compared in reviews or meta-analyses means that characteristics such as poverty, social class, urban/rural make-up and age of participants studied in different countries can do what to results?

A

Confound them

66
Q

True/False: environmental variables between studies into cultural variations in attachment may confound results

A

True

67
Q

Give an example of environmental variables that may confound results of cross-culture replications of the Strange Situation

A

Size of the room, availability of interesting toys there

68
Q

Babies may appear to explore more in studies conducted in small rooms with attractive toys/large, bare rooms

A

small rooms with attractive toys

69
Q

Less visible proximity-seeking because of room size might make a child more likely to be classified as which type of attachment?

A

Avoidant

70
Q

Looking at attachment behaviour in different non-matched studies conducted in different countries may not tell us…

A

anything about cross-cultural patterns of attachment

71
Q

A limitation of cross-cultural research is in trying to ______ a test designed for one cultural context to another context

A

impose

72
Q

Cross-cultural psychology includes ideas of ____ (cultural uniqueness) and ____ (cross-cultural universality)

A

emic, etic

73
Q

Imposed etic occurs when…

A

we assume an idea or technique that works in one cultural context will work in another

74
Q

An example of imposed etic in attachment research is in the use of babies’ response to what in the Strange Situation?

A

reunion with the caregiver

75
Q

In Britain and the US, lack of affection on reunion with a the caregiver in the Strange Situation may indicate ________ attachment

A

avoidant

76
Q

In Germany, lack of affection on reunion with the caregiver in the Strange Situation may indicate ____________ rather than __________

A

independence, insecurity

77
Q

Why may the Strange Situation not work in Germany?

A

Lack of affection on reunion is likely to indicate an avoidant attachment in Britain and the US, however in Germany such behaviour would be more likely interpreted as independence

78
Q

Imposed etic means that behaviours measured by the Strange Situation may not…

A

have the same meanings in different cultures, and comparing them across cultures is meaningless

79
Q

Imposed etic means that comparing some behaviours across cultures may be ___________

A

meaningless

80
Q

Cross-cultural research has found very similar/different attachment types in different countries

A

Similar

81
Q

Bowlby’s theory explains similarities in attachment types in different countries by…

A

identifying attachment as innate and universal

82
Q

IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg agree with Bowlby/suggest an alternative explanation to attachment

A

suggest an alternative explanation

83
Q

IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg say that global media represents a particular view of…

A

how parents and babies are meant to behave

84
Q

IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg say that global media represents a particular view of how parents and babies are meant to behave, and this override…

A

traditional cultural differences in the way children are brought up

Psychology - IN FOCUS Attachment (8 decks)

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