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psychology - in focus attachment > Influence of early attachment on later relationships > Flashcards

Influence of early attachment on later relationships Flashcards

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1
Q

Bowlby (1969) suggested that a baby’s first relationship with their primary attachment figure leads to what?

A

Mental representation of this relationship

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2
Q

The internal working model acts as a ________ for future childhood and adult relationships

A

template

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3
Q

The internal working model acts as a template for what?

A

Future childhood and adult relationships

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4
Q

The quality of a baby’s first attachment is crucial because this template will…

A

powerfully affect the nature of their future relationships

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5
Q

A baby whose first experience is of a loving relationship with a reliable attachment figure will tend to assume what?

A

This is how relationships are meant to be

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6
Q

What is the benefit of assuming relationships are meant to be like the loving one you had with a reliable attachment figure when you were younger?

A

Someone with this assumption will seek out functional relationships and behave functionally within them without being too uninvolved or emotionally close

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7
Q

Being uninvolved or emotionally close in a relationship are characteristics of which type of attachment?

A

Insecure-avoidant

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8
Q

Being controlling and argumentative in a relationship are characteristics of which type of attachment?

A

Insecure-resistant

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9
Q

A child with bad experiences of their first attachment will bring these bad experiences to bear on later _____________

A

relationships

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10
Q

People with bad experiences of their first attachment will bring these bad experiences to bear on later relationships. This may mean they struggle to do what in the first place?

A

Form relationships

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11
Q

People with bad experiences of their first attachment will bring these bad experiences to bear on later relationships. This may mean they struggle to form relationships in the first place or they may not ______ appropriately within relationships

A

behave

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12
Q

People with bad experiences of their first attachment may display what types of behaviours in future relationships?

A

Insecure-avoidant or insecure-resistant behaviour

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13
Q

Attachment type is associated with the quality of p___ r____________ in childhood

A

peer relationships

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14
Q

True/False: Attachment type is associated with the quality of peer relationships in childhood

A

True

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15
Q

Babies with which type of attachment tend to go on to form the best quality childhood friendships? (Kerns 1994)

A

Secure

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16
Q

Babies with which type of attachment tend to go on to later have friendship difficulties (Kerns 1994)?

A

Insecure

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17
Q

True/False: Bullying behaviour can be predicted by attachment type

A

True

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18
Q

What did Myron-Wilson and Smith (1998) assess?

A

Attachment type and bullying involvement

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19
Q

Myron-Wilson and Smith (1998) assessed attachment type and bullying involvement using ________ ______________ in 196 children aged 7-11 from London

A

standard questionnaires

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20
Q

Myron-Wilson and Smith (1998) assessed attachment type and bullying involvement using standard questionnaires in ___ children aged 7-11 from London

A

196

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21
Q

Myron-Wilson and Smith (1998) assessed attachment type and bullying involvement using standard questionnaires in 196 children aged _-__ from London

A

7-11

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22
Q

Myron-Wilson and Smith (1998) assessed attachment type and bullying involvement using standard questionnaires in 196 children aged 7-11 from where?

A

London

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23
Q

Myron-Wilson and Smith (1998) found that children with which type of attachment were very unlikely to be involved in bullying?

A

Secure

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24
Q

Myron-Wilson and Smith (1998) found that children with which type of attachment were most likely to be victims of bullying?

A

Insecure-avoidant

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25
Q

Myron-Wilson and Smith (1998) found that children with which type of attachment were most likely to be bullies?

A

Insecure-resistant

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26
Q

What are the two major adult experiences that internal working models affect?

A

Romantic relationships and paternal relationships with your own children

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27
Q

Hazan and Shaver (1987) conducted a study of the association between which two things?

A

Attachment and adult relationships

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28
Q

What did Hazan and Shaver (1987) analyse?

A

620 replies to a ‘love quiz’ printed in an American local newspaper

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29
Q

Hazan and Shaver (1987) analysed ___ replies to a ‘love quiz’ printed in an American local newspaper

A

620

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30
Q

Hazan and Shaver (1987) analysed 620 replies to what printed in an American local newspaper?

A

A love quiz

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31
Q

Hazan and Shaver (1987) analysed 620 replies to a ‘love quiz’ printed where?

A

In an American local newspaper

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32
Q

How many sections did the ‘love quiz’ analysed by Hazan and Shaver (1987) have?

A

3

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33
Q

What did the first section of the ‘love quiz’ analysed by Hazan and Shaver (1987) assess?

A

Respondents’ current or most important relationship

34
Q

What did the second part of the ‘love quiz’ analysed by Hazan and Shaver (1987) assess?

A

Respondents’ general love experiences such as number of partners

35
Q

What did the third part of the ‘love quiz’ analysed by Hazan and Shaver (1987) assess?

A

Attachment type by asking respondents to choose which of three statements best described their feelings

36
Q

Hazan and Shaver (1987) found that __% of respondents were identified as securely attached

A

56

37
Q

Hazan and Shaver (1987) found that __% of respondents were identified as insecure-avoidant

A

25

38
Q

Hazan and Shaver (1987) found that __% of respondents were identified as insecure-resistant

A

19

39
Q

Hazan and Shaver (1987) found that those reporting secure attachments were the most likely to have what?

A

Good and longer-lasting romantic experiences

40
Q

Hazan and Shaver (1987) found that the avoidant respondents tended to reveal what?

A

Jealousy and fear of intimacy

41
Q

Hazan and Shaver (1987)’s findings suggest that patterns of attachment behaviour are reflected in what?

A

Romantic relationships

42
Q

How many adult woman who had been assessed when they were babies to establish their early attachment type did McCarthy (1999) study?

A

40

43
Q

McCarthy (1999) studied 40 adult women who had been assessed when they were babies to do what?

A

Establish their early attachment type

44
Q

McCarthy (1999) found that those assessed as securely attached babies had the best…

A

adult friendships and romantic relationships

45
Q

McCarthy (1999) found that those assessed as insecure-resistant as babies had particular problems with what?

A

Maintaining friendships

46
Q

McCarthy (1999) found that those assessed as insecure-avoidant as babies struggled with what?

A

Intimacy in romantic relationships

47
Q

True/False: Internal working models affect a child’s ability to parent their own children

A

True

48
Q

Why do internal working models affect a child’s ability to parent their own children?

A

People tend to base their parenting style on their internal working model so attachment type tends to be passed on through generations of family

49
Q

Bailey et al. (2007) considered the attachments of how many mothers to their babies and to their own mothers?

A

99

50
Q

How was mother-baby attachment assessed in Bailey et al. (2007)’s study?

A

Using the Strange Situation

51
Q

How was the mother’s attachment to their own mother assessed in Bailey et al. (2007)’s study?

A

Using an adult attachment interview

52
Q

What were Bailey et al. (2007)’s findings?

A

The majority of women had the same attachment classification both to their babies and their own mothers

53
Q

Fearon and Roisman (2017) concluded that early attachment consistently predicts what?

A

Later attachment, emotional well-being and attachment to own children

54
Q

How strong the relationship is between early attachment type and later development depends on what?

A

Both the attachment type and the aspect of later development

55
Q

True/False: insecure-avoidant attachment seems to convey fairly mild disadvantages for any aspect of development

A

True

56
Q

Which type of attachment is strongly associated with later mental disorder?

A

Disorganised attachment

57
Q

True/False: Secure attachment as a baby appears to convey disadvantages for future development

A

False, it appears to convey advantages

58
Q

True/False: Not all evidence supports the existence of close links between attachment and later development

A

True

59
Q

The Regensburg longitudinal study (2008) followed how many individuals from what age?

A

43 individuals from one year of age

60
Q

In the Regensburg longitudinal study (2008), attachment was assessed at which age?

A

16

61
Q

In the Regensburg longitudinal study (2008), how was attachment assessed at age 16?

A

Using the adult attachment interview

62
Q

The Regensburg longitudinal study (2008) found no evidence of __________

A

continuity

63
Q

Findings from the Regensburg longitudinal study (2008) suggest that it is not clear to what extent…

A

the quality of early attachment really predicts ;ater development. There may be other important factors

64
Q

One limitation of most research into the influence of attachment is that early attachment is assessed in what way?

A

Retrospectively

65
Q

Most research on the link between early attachment and later development are/aren’t longitudinal

A

aren’t

66
Q

In research on the link between early attachment and later development, instead of carrying out longitudinal studies, researchers usually ask adolescent or adult participants what to identify attachment type?

A

Questions about their relationship with parents

67
Q

In research on the link between early attachment and later development, instead of carrying out longitudinal studies, researchers usually ask adolescent or adult participants questions about their relationship with parents in order to do what?

A

Identify attachment type

68
Q

Give an example of a validity problem caused by asking an adult questions about their relationship with their parents to assess attachment type retrospectively

A

Any from asking questions relies on the honesty and accurate perception of the participants and it means it is very hard to know whether what is being assessed is early attachment or in fact adult attachment

69
Q

The fact that most research into the influence of attachment includes retrospective assessment of early attachment means that the measures of early attachment used in most studies may be __________ with other factors making them ___________

A

confounded, meaningless

70
Q

True/False: A limitation of studies into the influence of early attachment on later development is the existence of confounding variables

A

True

71
Q

True/False: McCarthy’s study assesses attachment in infancy which means that the assessment of early attachment is valid

A

True

72
Q

Why may studies that assess attachment in infancy have validity problems?

A

Associations between attachment quality and later development may be affected by confounding variables

73
Q

The fact that parenting style may influence both attachment quality and later development is an example of what?

A

A confounding variable

74
Q

The fact that genetically-influenced personality may be an influence on attachment quality and later development is an example of what?

A

A confounding variable

75
Q

Confounding variables mean that we can never be entirely sure that it is early attachment and not another factor that is influencing…

A

later development

76
Q

Clarke and Clarke (1998) said that the influence of early attachment is what?

A

Probabilistic

77
Q

True/False: Clarke and Clarke (1998)’s statement that the influence of early attachment is probabilistic means that an insecure attachment invariably causes increased risk of later developmental problems

A

False, an insecure attachment does not invariably cause increased risk of later developmental problems - no one is inevitably going to have unsuccessful romantic relationships because of their early attachment experiences

78
Q

True/False: Early attachment is the only factor involved in successful future relationships

A

False

79
Q

By knowing someone’s attachment status we have an opportunity to do what?

A

Intervene and help their development

80
Q

By knowing someone’s attachment status and intervening, we may also become too ___________ and create what?

A

pessimistic, create a self-fulfilling prophecy

psychology - in focus attachment (8 decks)

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