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Psychology - IN FOCUS Attachment > Explanations of attachment: Bowlby's theory > Flashcards

Explanations of attachment: Bowlby's theory Flashcards

1
Q

Why did Bowlby (1988) reject learning theory as an explanation for attachment

A

‘were it true, an infant of a year or two should take readily to whomever feeds him and this is clearly not the case’

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2
Q

True/False: Bowlby (1988) agreed with learning theory

A

False: he rejected learning theory as an explanation for attachment

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3
Q

Who criticised learning theory, saying ‘were it true, an infant of a year or two should take readily to whomever feeds him and this is clearly not the case’

A

Bowlby

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4
Q

Who’s ideas did Bowlby (1988) look at when proposing his evolutionary explanation of attachment?

A

Lorenz and Harlow’s

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5
Q

Bowlby (1988) produced an ____________ explanation of attachment

A

evolutionary

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6
Q

Bowlby (1988)’s evolutionary explanation of attachment proposed that attachment was an ______ system that gives a survival advantage

A

innate

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7
Q

Bowlby (1988)’s evolutionary explanation of attachment proposed that attachment was an innate system that gives…

A

a survival advantage

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8
Q

Bowlby (1988) proposed that attachment, like imprinting, evolved as a mechanism to… by…

A

keep young animals safe by ensuring they stay close to adult caregivers

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9
Q

Bowlby (1958, 1969)’s theory is described as __________ because he placed great emphasis on a child’s attachment to one particular caregiver

A

monotropic

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10
Q

Why is Bowlby (1958, 1969)’s theory described as monotropic?

A

He placed great emphasis on a child’s attachment to one particular caregiver (hence the word mono)

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11
Q

True/False: Bowlby believed that a child’s attachment to its one main caregiver is what compared to others?

A

Different and more important than others

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12
Q

What did Bowlby call a child’s one particular attachment figure?

A

the ‘mother’

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13
Q

True/False: Bowlby called a child’s one particular attachment figure because it was always the child’s biological mother

A

False, it didn’t need to be the biological mother or a woman at all

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14
Q

Bowlby believed that the more time a baby spent with this ______-figure (or primary attachment figure), the better

A

mother

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15
Q

What did Bowlby refer to primary attachment figures as?

A

mothers

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16
Q

Bowlby believed that the more time a baby spent with this mother-figure (or primary attachment figure), the…

A

better

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17
Q

What did Bowlby’s law of continuity state?

A

The more constant and predictable a child’s care, the better the quality of their attachment

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18
Q

What did Bowlby’s law of accumulated separation state?

A

The effects of every separation from the mother add up ‘and the safest dose is therefore a zero dose’ (Bowlby 1975)

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19
Q

What were the two principles/laws that Bowlby put forward called?

A

The law of continuity and the law of accumulated separation

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20
Q

Bowlby suggested that babies are born with a set of innate ‘____’ behaviours

A

cute

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21
Q

Bowlby suggested that babies are born with a set of innate ‘cute’ behaviours such as…

A

smiling, cooing and gripping

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22
Q

Bowlby suggested that babies are born with a set of innate ‘cute’ behaviours that encourage what?

A

Attention from adults

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23
Q

What did Bowlby call the ‘cute’ behaviours that are innate to babies?

A

Social releasers

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24
Q

What is Bowlby referring to when he says social releasers?

A

A set of innate ‘cute’ behaviours like smiling, cooing and gripping that encourage attention from adults

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25
Q

Why did Bowlby call babies’ innate ‘cute’ behaviours social releasers?

A

Their purpose is to activate adult social interaction and so make an adult attach to the baby

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26
Q

Bowlby recognised that attachment was a __________ process

A

reciprocal

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27
Q

True/False: Bowlby said that both mother and baby are not hard-wired to become attached

A

False, he said they are

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28
Q

True/False: Bowlby said the interplay between baby and adult attachment systems gradually builds the relationship between baby and caregiver

A

True

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29
Q

Bowlby said the interplay between baby and adult attachment systems gradually builds the relationship between baby and caregiver, beginning at what stage of life?

A

In the early weeks

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30
Q

Bowlby proposed that there is a critical period around what age when the infant attachment system is active?

A

six months

31
Q

Bowlby proposed that there is a ________ ______ around six months when the infant attachment system us active

A

critical period

32
Q

Bowlby viewed the critical period as more of a _________ period

A

sensitive

33
Q

Bowlby said that a child is maximally sensitive at how many months?

A

six

34
Q

Bowlby said that a child is maximally sensitive at six months and this possible extends up to the age of…

A

two

35
Q

Bowlby said that if an attachment is not formed during the sensitive period, a child will…

A

find it much harder to form one later

36
Q

Bowlby proposed that a child forms a ______ ______________ of their relationship with their primary attachment figure

A

mental representation

37
Q

Why is Bowlby’s proposition that a child forms a mental representation of their relationship with their primary attachment figure called an internal working model?

A

it serves as a model for what relationships are like

38
Q

A child whose first experience is of a loving relationship with a reliable caregiver will tend to form what expectation?

A

An expectation that all relationships are as loving and reliable

39
Q

A child whose first experience is of a loving relationship with a reliable caregiver will tend to do what with these qualities?

A

Bring them into future relationships

40
Q

A child whose first relationship involves poor treatment will tend to form…

A

further poor relationships in which they expct such treatment from others / treat others in that way

41
Q

Most importantly the internal working model affects the child’s later ability to…

A

be a parent themselves

42
Q

True/False: The internal working model affects a child’s later ability to be a parent themselves

A

True

43
Q

What do people tend to base their parenting behaviour on?

A

Their own experiences of being parented

44
Q

Children from functional families tend to have similar families themselves. Why?

A

People tend to base their parenting on their own experiences of being parented

45
Q

One limitation of Bowlby’s theory is that the concept of monotropy lack ________

A

validity

46
Q

In criticism of monotropy Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that although most babies did attach to one person at first…

A

a significant minority formed multiple attachments at the same time

47
Q

True/False: Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that a significant majority of babies formed multiple attachments at the same time

A

False, not a majority but there was still a significant minority

48
Q

A baby’s first attachment appears to have a particularly strong/weak influence on later behaviour

A

strong

49
Q

Although the first attachment does appear to have a particularly strong influence on later behaviour, this may simply mean it is ________, not necessarily different in quality fro the child’s other attachments

A

stronger

50
Q

Although the first attachment does appear to have a particularly strong influence on later behaviour, this may simply mean it is stronger, not necessarily…

A

different in quality from the child’s other attachments

51
Q

Why may a baby’s first attachment be stronger but not necessarily different in quality from their other attachments?

A

Other attachments to family members provide all the same key qualities (emotional support, a safe base etc).

52
Q

Evidence presented by Schaffer and Emerson (1964) suggests that Bowlby may be incorrect that there is a unique _______ and __________ to the child’s primary attachment

A

quality and importance

53
Q

True/False: There is evidence supporting Bowlby;s suggestion of the role of social releasers

A

True

54
Q

There is clear evidence that cute baby behaviours are designed to elicit…

A

interaction from caregivers

55
Q

Brazelton et al. (1975) observed babies’ trigger interactions with adults using what?

A

Social releasers

56
Q

In Brazelton et al. (1975)’s experiment, researchers instructed the babies’ primary attachment figures to do what in response to babies’ social releasers

A

Nothing - ignore them

57
Q

What did Brazelton et al. (1975) find?

A

Babies, who were previously shown to be normally responsive, became increasingly distressed and some eventually curled up and lay motionless

58
Q

Brazelton et al. (1975) found that babies, who were previously shown to be normally responsive, became increasingly distressed and some eventually…

A

curled up and lay motionless

59
Q

What does Brazelton et al. (1975)’s observation of babies’ trigger interactions with adults using social releasers suggest about the role of social releasers in emotional development?

A

They are important in the process of attachment development

60
Q

True/False: A further limitation of Bowlby’s theory is that there is no support for the internal working model

A

False, there is support for it

61
Q

The idea that the internal working model predicts that patterns of attachment will…

A

be passed from one generation to the next

62
Q

Bailey et al. (2007) assessed attachment relationships in __ mothers and their one-year-old babies

A

99

63
Q

Bailey et al. (2007) assessed attachment relationships in 99 mothers and their ___-year-old babies

A

one

64
Q

Who did Bailey et al. (2007) measure the mothers’ attachment to?

A

Their own primary attachment figures (i.e. their parents)

65
Q

Who did Bailey et al. (2007) measure the babies’ attachment to?

A

Their mothers

66
Q

What did Bailey et al. (2007) find?

A

Mothers with poor attachment to their own primary attachment figures were most likely to have poorly attached babies

67
Q

Bailey et al. (2007)’s findings support Bowlby’s ideas that…

A

mothers’ ability to form attachments to their babies is influenced by their internal working models (which in turn comes from their own early attachment experiences)

68
Q

True/False: Some psychologists believe that genetic differences in anxiety and sociability affect social behaviour in both babies and adults

A

True

69
Q

Kornienko said that genetic differences in anxiety and sociability affect social behaviour in both babies and adults, and these differences could also impact…

A

on their parenting ability

70
Q

The suggestion of the role of genetic differences in parenting ability means that Bowlby may have overstated the importance of…

A

the internal working model in social behaviour and parenting at the expense of others

71
Q

Thaw laws of continuity and accumulated separation suggests that mothers who work may positively/negatively affect their child’s emotional development

A

negatively

72
Q

What did Burman (1994) point out about the belief that mothers who work may negatively affect their child’s emotional development?

A

This belief sets up mothers to take the blame for anything that goes wrong for the child in the future, and gives people an excuse to restrict mothers’ activities, for example returning to work

73
Q

Prior to Bowlby’s time people didn’t think the ______’s role was important, and, in fact, many custody disputes were settled in favour of the ______ because…

A

mother, father, mothers were not regarded as necessary

74
Q

Bowlby’s ideas have many real-world applications, such as…

A

key workers in a daycare who build an attachment with particular babies

Psychology - IN FOCUS Attachment (8 decks)

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