Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation

Question 1

Alongside his theory of maternal deprivation, Bowlby is known for his __________ theory of attachment

Answer 1

monotropic

Question 2

Before his monotropic theory of attachment, Bowlby proposed the theory of ________ ___________

Answer 2

maternal deprivation

Question 3

Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation focused on the idea that…

Answer 3

the continual presence of care from a mother or mother-substitute is essential for normal psychological development of babies and toddlers, both emotionally and intellectually

Question 4

Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation focused on the idea that the _________ presence of care from a mother or mother-substitute is essential for normal psychological development of babies and toddlers, both emotionally and intellectually

Answer 4

continual

Question 5

Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation focused on the idea that continual presence of care from who is essential for normal psychological development of babies and toddlers, both emotionally and intellectually?

Answer 5

A mother or mother-substitute

Question 6

Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation focused on the idea that the continual presence of care from a mother or mother substitute is essential for what in babies and toddlers, both emotionally and intellectually?

Answer 6

Normal psychological development

Question 7

Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation focused on the idea that the continual presence of care from a mother or substitute is essential for normal psychological development of babies and toddlers, both ___________ and ______________

Answer 7

emotionally, intellectually

Question 8

Bowlby famously said that ‘mother-love…

Answer 8

in infancy and childhood is as important for mental health as are vitamins and proteins for physical health’

Question 9

Bowlby said that being separated from a mother in early childhood has insignificant/serious consequences

Answer 9

serious

Question 10

Bowlby said that being separated from a mother in early childhood has serious consequences (m_______ ___________)

Answer 10

maternal deprivation

Question 11

Separation

Answer 11

The child is not being in the presence of the primary attachment figure

Question 12

Separation only becomes a problem if the child becomes…

Answer 12

deprived of emotional care

Question 13

At what point may a child become deprived of emotional care?

Answer 13

If a mother is present and, say, depressed

Question 14

Brief separations, particularly where the child is with a substitute caregiver, are/aren’t significant for development

Answer 14

aren’t

Question 15

Extended separations between a child and caregiver can lead to what?

Answer 15

Deprivation

Question 16

True/False: Deprivation causes harm

Answer 16

True

Question 17

Bowlby saw the first two-and-a-half years of a life as a ________ ______ for psychological development

Answer 17

critical period

Question 18

Bowlby said that if a child is separated from their mother in the absence of suitable substitute care and so deprived of her emotional care for an extended duration of during this critical period then…

Answer 18

psychological damage was inevitable

Question 19

Bowlby said that there is a continuing risk up to the age of _ if a child is separated from their mother in the absence of suitable substitute care and so deprived of her emotional care for an extended duration

Answer 19

5

Question 20

Bowlby said that if a child is separated from their mother in the absence of what for an extended duration during the critical period then psychological damage was inevitable?

Answer 20

Suitable substitute care and so deprived of her emotional care for an extended duration

Question 21

One way in which maternal deprivation affects children’s development is their i___________ development

Answer 21

intellectual

Question 22

Bowlby believed that if children were deprived of maternal care for too long during the critical period they would experience delayed ___________ development

Answer 22

intellectual

Question 23

True/False: Bowlby believed that if children were deprived of maternal care for too long during the critical period they would experience delayed intellectual development

Answer 23

True

Question 24

Bowlby believed that if children were deprived of maternal care for too long during the critical period they would experience delayed intellectual development, characterised by what?

Answer 24

Abnormally low IQ

Question 25

Bowlby's belief that children deprived of maternal care for too long during the critical period experience delayed intellectual development has been demonstrated in studies of ________

Answer 25

adoption

Question 26

Goldfarb (1947) found lower IQ in children who...

Answer 26

had remained in institutions as opposed to those who were fostered and thus had a higher standard of emotional care

Question 27

Goldfarb (1947) found lower IQ in children who had remained in institutions as opposed to those who were...

Answer 27

fostered and thus had a higher standard of emotional care

Question 28

Being deprived of a mother figure's emotional care affects children in their e________ development

Answer 28

emotional

Question 29

Bowlby identified _____________ ___________ as the inability to experience guilt or strong emotion towards others

Answer 29

affectionless psychopathy

Question 30

Affectionless psychopathy

Answer 30

The inability to experience guilt or strong emotion towards others

Question 31

What does affectionless psychopathy prevent?

Answer 31

A person developing fulfilling relationships

Question 32

True/False: Affectionless psychopathy is associated with criminality

Answer 32

True

Question 33

True/False: Affectionless psychopaths still appreciate the feelings of feelings

Answer 33

False, they do not

Question 34

_____________ ___________ cannot appreciate the feelings of victim sand so lack remorse for their actions

Answer 34

Affectionless psychopaths

Question 35

What did Bowlby's (1944) 44 thieves study examine?

Answer 35

The link between affectionless psychopathy and maternal deprivation

Question 36

The sample in Bowlby's (1944) 44 thieves study consisted of 44...

Answer 36

criminal teenagers accused of stealing

Question 37

What were all 'thieves' in Bowlby's (1944) 44 thieves study interviewed for?

Answer 37

Signs of affectionless psychopathy

Question 38

What were affectionless psychopathy characterised as in Bowlby's (1944) 44 thieves study?

Answer 38

A lack of affection, lack of guilt about their actions and lack of empathy for their victims

Question 39

Besides the 'thieves', who else was interviewed in Bowlby's (1944) 44 thieves study?

Answer 39

Their families

Question 40

Why were the 'thieves'' families interviewed in Bowlby's (1944) 44 thieves study?

Answer 40

In order to established whether the 'thieves' had prolonged early separations from their mothers

Question 41

The sample in Bowlby's (1944) 44 thieves study's was compared to a control group of...

Answer 41

44 non-criminal but emotionally-disturbed young people

Question 42

What did Bowlby (1944) find in his 44 thieves study?

Answer 42

14 of the 44 thieves could be described as affectionless psychopaths and 12 of these had experienced prolonged separation from their mothers in the first two years of their lives

Question 43

In Bowlby's (1944) 44 thieves study, how many of the 44 thieves could be described as affectionless psychopaths?

Answer 43

14

Question 44

In Bowlby's 44 (1944) thieves study, 14 of the 44 thieves could be described as affectionless psychopaths - how many of these had experienced prolonged separation from their mothers in the first two years of their lives?

Answer 44

12

Question 45

Bowlby (1944) found that 14 of the 44 thieves could be described as affectionless psychopaths and 12 of these had experienced prolonged separation from their mothers in the first _ years of their lives

Answer 45

2

Question 46

Bowlby (1944) found that 14 of the 44 thieves could be described as affectionless psychopaths and 12 of these had experienced what in the first 2 years of their lives?

Answer 46

prolonged separation from their mothers

Question 47

Bowlby found that how many of the remaining 30 'thieves' who couldn't be described as affectionless psychopaths had experienced separations?

Answer 47

five

Question 48

How many participants in the control group of Bowlby's (1944) 44 thieves study had experienced long separations?

Answer 48

2

Question 49

What did Bowlby conclude from his (1944) 44 thieves study?

Answer 49

Prolonged early separation/deprivation caused affectionless psychopathy

Question 50

True/False: There is criticism that Bowlby's (1944) 44 thieves study is flawed

Answer 50

True

Question 51

Why is Bowlby's (1944) 44 thieves study flawed?

Answer 51

It was himself who carried out both the family interviews and the assessments for affectionless psychopathy

Question 52

Why is the fact that Bowlby conducted the family interviews and assessments for affectionless psychopathy in his (1944) 44 thieves study a flaw?

Answer 52

This left him open to bias because he knew in advance which teenagers he expected to show signs of psychopathy

Question 53

True/False: Bowlby was influenced in his (1944) 44 thieves study by the findings of Goldfarb's (1943) research on the development of deprived children in wartime orphanages

Answer 53

True

Question 54

Why is the fact that Bowlby was influenced in his 44 (1944) thieves study by the findings of Goldfarb's (1943) research on the development of deprived children in wartime orphanages a limitation?

Answer 54

This study has problems of confounding variables because the children in Goldfarb's study had experienced early trauma and institutional care as well as prolonged separation from their primary caregivers

Question 55

Bowlby's original sources of evidence for maternal deprivation had serious _____ that mean it would not be taken seriously as evidence nowadays

Answer 55

flaws

Question 56

True/False: A new line of research has provided some modest support for the idea that maternal deprivation can have long-term effects

Answer 56

True

Question 57

Lévy et al. (2003) showed that separating baby rats from their mother for as little as a day had...

Answer 57

a permanent effect on their social development though not other aspects of development

Question 58

Lévy et al. (2003) showed that separating ____ ____ from their mother for as little as a day had a permanent effect on their social development though not other aspects of development

Answer 58

baby rats

Question 59

Lévy et al. (2003) showed that separating baby rats from their mother for how long had a permanent effect on their social development?

Answer 59

As little as a day

Question 60

Lévy et al. (2003) showed that separating baby rats from their mother for as little as a day had a _________ effect on their social development

Answer 60

permanent

Question 61

Lévy et al. (2003)'s findings mean that, although Bowlby relied on flawed evidence to support the theory of maternal deprivation,...

Answer 61

there are other sources of evidence for his ideas

Question 62

A limitation of Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation is his confusion between what?

Answer 62

Different types of early experience

Question 63

Rutter (1981) drew an important distinction between...

Answer 63

two types of early negative experience

Question 64

What does deprivation strictly refer to in terms of attachment?

Answer 64

The loss of the primary attachment figure after attachment has developed

Question 65

What does privation refer to in terms of attachment?

Answer 65

The failure to form any attachment in the first place

Question 66

Privation is likely to take place when children are brought up in what kind of care?

Answer 66

Institutional care

Question 67

What did Rutter point about about the severe long-term damage Bowlby associated with deprivation?

Answer 67

It's actually more likely to be the result of privation

Question 68

Rutter's point that the severe long-term damage Bowlby associated with deprivation is actually more likely to be the result of what?

Answer 68

Privation

Question 69

Rutter's point that the severe long-term damage Bowlby associated with deprivation is actually more likely to be the result of privation - so the children studied by Goldfarb may actually have been...

Answer 69

'prived' rather than deprived

Question 70

Many of the children in the (1944) 44 thieves study had disrupted early lives such as spells in hospital, and therefore may...

Answer 70

never have formed strong attachments

Question 71

Bowlby may have over/underestimated the seriousness of the effects of deprivation in children's development

Answer 71

overestimated

Question 72

Bowlby said that damage was inevitable if a child had not formed an attachment in the first ___-___-_-____ years of life

Answer 72

two-and-a-half

Question 73

Bowlby said that damage was inevitable if a child had not formed an attachment during the critical period, which is how long?

Answer 73

two-and-a-half years

Question 74

There is evidence to suggest that in many cases what can prevent most or all of the damage from not forming an attachment in the first two-and-a-half years of life?

Answer 74

Good quality aftercare

Question 75

True/False: There is criticism of Bowlby's suggestion that damage was inevitable if a child didn't form an attachment in the proposed critical period

Answer 75

True

Question 76

Koluchová (1976) reported the case of _____ Twins

Answer 76

Czech

Question 77

Koluchová (1976) reported the case of Czech twins who experienced what from the age of 18 months up until they were seven years old?

Answer 77

Very severe physical and emotional abuse

Question 78

Koluchová (1976) reported the case of Czech twins who experienced very severe physical and emotional abuse from the age of __ months up until they were _ years old

Answer 78

18, 7

Question 79

Although the twins in Koluchová (1976)'s case study were severely damaged emotionally by their experience, what did they receive that meant they had fully recovered by their teens?

Answer 79

Excellent care

Question 80

Although the twins in Koluchová (1976)'s case study were severely emotionally damaged by their experience, they received excellent care and by what stage in their life had they fully recovered?

Answer 80

Their teens

Question 81

Although the twins in Koluchová (1976)'s case study were severely emotionally damaged by their experience, they received excellent care and by their teens had...

Answer 81

fully recovered

Question 82

Koluchová (1976)'s findings in their case study of the Czech Twins means that lasting harm is/isn't inevitable in cases of severe privation

Answer 82

isn't

Question 83

Koluchová (1976)'s findings in their case study of the Czech Twins means that lasting harm isn't inevitable even in cases of severe privation. What is the 'critical period' therefore better seen as?

Answer 83

A 'sensitive period'

Question 84

Who proposed that the 'critical period' is better seen as a 'sensitive period'?

Answer 84

Koluchová (1976)

Question 85

Most attempts to replicate the (1944) 44 thieves study produced/failed to produce similar results

Answer 85

failed to reduce

Question 86

Lewis (1954) looked at ___ young people and found no association between early separation and later psychopathy (criminality or relationship difficulties)

Answer 86

500

Question 87

Lewis (1954) looked at 500 young people and found no association between what?

Answer 87

Early separation and later psychopathy (criminality or relationship difficulties)

Question 88

How has Gao et al. (2010) partially supported Bowlby?

Answer 88

by showing that poor quality maternal care was associated with high rates of psychopathy in adults