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Psychology - IN FOCUS Attachment > Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation > Flashcards

Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation Flashcards

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1
Q

Alongside his theory of maternal deprivation, Bowlby is known for his __________ theory of attachment

A

monotropic

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2
Q

Before his monotropic theory of attachment, Bowlby proposed the theory of ________ ___________

A

maternal deprivation

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3
Q

Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation focused on the idea that…

A

the continual presence of care from a mother or mother-substitute is essential for normal psychological development of babies and toddlers, both emotionally and intellectually

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4
Q

Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation focused on the idea that the _________ presence of care from a mother or mother-substitute is essential for normal psychological development of babies and toddlers, both emotionally and intellectually

A

continual

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5
Q

Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation focused on the idea that continual presence of care from who is essential for normal psychological development of babies and toddlers, both emotionally and intellectually?

A

A mother or mother-substitute

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6
Q

Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation focused on the idea that the continual presence of care from a mother or mother substitute is essential for what in babies and toddlers, both emotionally and intellectually?

A

Normal psychological development

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7
Q

Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation focused on the idea that the continual presence of care from a mother or substitute is essential for normal psychological development of babies and toddlers, both ___________ and ______________

A

emotionally, intellectually

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8
Q

Bowlby famously said that ‘mother-love…

A

in infancy and childhood is as important for mental health as are vitamins and proteins for physical health’

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9
Q

Bowlby said that being separated from a mother in early childhood has insignificant/serious consequences

A

serious

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10
Q

Bowlby said that being separated from a mother in early childhood has serious consequences (m_______ ___________)

A

maternal deprivation

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11
Q

Separation

A

The child is not being in the presence of the primary attachment figure

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12
Q

Separation only becomes a problem if the child becomes…

A

deprived of emotional care

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13
Q

At what point may a child become deprived of emotional care?

A

If a mother is present and, say, depressed

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14
Q

Brief separations, particularly where the child is with a substitute caregiver, are/aren’t significant for development

A

aren’t

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15
Q

Extended separations between a child and caregiver can lead to what?

A

Deprivation

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16
Q

True/False: Deprivation causes harm

A

True

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17
Q

Bowlby saw the first two-and-a-half years of a life as a ________ ______ for psychological development

A

critical period

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18
Q

Bowlby said that if a child is separated from their mother in the absence of suitable substitute care and so deprived of her emotional care for an extended duration of during this critical period then…

A

psychological damage was inevitable

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19
Q

Bowlby said that there is a continuing risk up to the age of _ if a child is separated from their mother in the absence of suitable substitute care and so deprived of her emotional care for an extended duration

A

5

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20
Q

Bowlby said that if a child is separated from their mother in the absence of what for an extended duration during the critical period then psychological damage was inevitable?

A

Suitable substitute care and so deprived of her emotional care for an extended duration

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21
Q

One way in which maternal deprivation affects children’s development is their i___________ development

A

intellectual

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22
Q

Bowlby believed that if children were deprived of maternal care for too long during the critical period they would experience delayed ___________ development

A

intellectual

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23
Q

True/False: Bowlby believed that if children were deprived of maternal care for too long during the critical period they would experience delayed intellectual development

A

True

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24
Q

Bowlby believed that if children were deprived of maternal care for too long during the critical period they would experience delayed intellectual development, characterised by what?

A

Abnormally low IQ

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25
Q

Bowlby’s belief that children deprived of maternal care for too long during the critical period experience delayed intellectual development has been demonstrated in studies of ________

A

adoption

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26
Q

Goldfarb (1947) found lower IQ in children who…

A

had remained in institutions as opposed to those who were fostered and thus had a higher standard of emotional care

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27
Q

Goldfarb (1947) found lower IQ in children who had remained in institutions as opposed to those who were…

A

fostered and thus had a higher standard of emotional care

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28
Q

Being deprived of a mother figure’s emotional care affects children in their e________ development

A

emotional

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29
Q

Bowlby identified _____________ ___________ as the inability to experience guilt or strong emotion towards others

A

affectionless psychopathy

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30
Q

Affectionless psychopathy

A

The inability to experience guilt or strong emotion towards others

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31
Q

What does affectionless psychopathy prevent?

A

A person developing fulfilling relationships

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32
Q

True/False: Affectionless psychopathy is associated with criminality

A

True

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33
Q

True/False: Affectionless psychopaths still appreciate the feelings of feelings

A

False, they do not

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34
Q

_____________ ___________ cannot appreciate the feelings of victim sand so lack remorse for their actions

A

Affectionless psychopaths

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35
Q

What did Bowlby’s (1944) 44 thieves study examine?

A

The link between affectionless psychopathy and maternal deprivation

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36
Q

The sample in Bowlby’s (1944) 44 thieves study consisted of 44…

A

criminal teenagers accused of stealing

37
Q

What were all ‘thieves’ in Bowlby’s (1944) 44 thieves study interviewed for?

A

Signs of affectionless psychopathy

38
Q

What were affectionless psychopathy characterised as in Bowlby’s (1944) 44 thieves study?

A

A lack of affection, lack of guilt about their actions and lack of empathy for their victims

39
Q

Besides the ‘thieves’, who else was interviewed in Bowlby’s (1944) 44 thieves study?

A

Their families

40
Q

Why were the ‘thieves’’ families interviewed in Bowlby’s (1944) 44 thieves study?

A

In order to established whether the ‘thieves’ had prolonged early separations from their mothers

41
Q

The sample in Bowlby’s (1944) 44 thieves study’s was compared to a control group of…

A

44 non-criminal but emotionally-disturbed young people

42
Q

What did Bowlby (1944) find in his 44 thieves study?

A

14 of the 44 thieves could be described as affectionless psychopaths and 12 of these had experienced prolonged separation from their mothers in the first two years of their lives

43
Q

In Bowlby’s (1944) 44 thieves study, how many of the 44 thieves could be described as affectionless psychopaths?

A

14

44
Q

In Bowlby’s 44 (1944) thieves study, 14 of the 44 thieves could be described as affectionless psychopaths - how many of these had experienced prolonged separation from their mothers in the first two years of their lives?

A

12

45
Q

Bowlby (1944) found that 14 of the 44 thieves could be described as affectionless psychopaths and 12 of these had experienced prolonged separation from their mothers in the first _ years of their lives

A

2

46
Q

Bowlby (1944) found that 14 of the 44 thieves could be described as affectionless psychopaths and 12 of these had experienced what in the first 2 years of their lives?

A

prolonged separation from their mothers

47
Q

Bowlby found that how many of the remaining 30 ‘thieves’ who couldn’t be described as affectionless psychopaths had experienced separations?

A

five

48
Q

How many participants in the control group of Bowlby’s (1944) 44 thieves study had experienced long separations?

A

2

49
Q

What did Bowlby conclude from his (1944) 44 thieves study?

A

Prolonged early separation/deprivation caused affectionless psychopathy

50
Q

True/False: There is criticism that Bowlby’s (1944) 44 thieves study is flawed

A

True

51
Q

Why is Bowlby’s (1944) 44 thieves study flawed?

A

It was himself who carried out both the family interviews and the assessments for affectionless psychopathy

52
Q

Why is the fact that Bowlby conducted the family interviews and assessments for affectionless psychopathy in his (1944) 44 thieves study a flaw?

A

This left him open to bias because he knew in advance which teenagers he expected to show signs of psychopathy

53
Q

True/False: Bowlby was influenced in his (1944) 44 thieves study by the findings of Goldfarb’s (1943) research on the development of deprived children in wartime orphanages

A

True

54
Q

Why is the fact that Bowlby was influenced in his 44 (1944) thieves study by the findings of Goldfarb’s (1943) research on the development of deprived children in wartime orphanages a limitation?

A

This study has problems of confounding variables because the children in Goldfarb’s study had experienced early trauma and institutional care as well as prolonged separation from their primary caregivers

55
Q

Bowlby’s original sources of evidence for maternal deprivation had serious _____ that mean it would not be taken seriously as evidence nowadays

A

flaws

56
Q

True/False: A new line of research has provided some modest support for the idea that maternal deprivation can have long-term effects

A

True

57
Q

Lévy et al. (2003) showed that separating baby rats from their mother for as little as a day had…

A

a permanent effect on their social development though not other aspects of development

58
Q

Lévy et al. (2003) showed that separating ____ ____ from their mother for as little as a day had a permanent effect on their social development though not other aspects of development

A

baby rats

59
Q

Lévy et al. (2003) showed that separating baby rats from their mother for how long had a permanent effect on their social development?

A

As little as a day

60
Q

Lévy et al. (2003) showed that separating baby rats from their mother for as little as a day had a _________ effect on their social development

A

permanent

61
Q

Lévy et al. (2003)’s findings mean that, although Bowlby relied on flawed evidence to support the theory of maternal deprivation,…

A

there are other sources of evidence for his ideas

62
Q

A limitation of Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation is his confusion between what?

A

Different types of early experience

63
Q

Rutter (1981) drew an important distinction between…

A

two types of early negative experience

64
Q

What does deprivation strictly refer to in terms of attachment?

A

The loss of the primary attachment figure after attachment has developed

65
Q

What does privation refer to in terms of attachment?

A

The failure to form any attachment in the first place

66
Q

Privation is likely to take place when children are brought up in what kind of care?

A

Institutional care

67
Q

What did Rutter point about about the severe long-term damage Bowlby associated with deprivation?

A

It’s actually more likely to be the result of privation

68
Q

Rutter’s point that the severe long-term damage Bowlby associated with deprivation is actually more likely to be the result of what?

A

Privation

69
Q

Rutter’s point that the severe long-term damage Bowlby associated with deprivation is actually more likely to be the result of privation - so the children studied by Goldfarb may actually have been…

A

‘prived’ rather than deprived

70
Q

Many of the children in the (1944) 44 thieves study had disrupted early lives such as spells in hospital, and therefore may…

A

never have formed strong attachments

71
Q

Bowlby may have over/underestimated the seriousness of the effects of deprivation in children’s development

A

overestimated

72
Q

Bowlby said that damage was inevitable if a child had not formed an attachment in the first ___-___-_-____ years of life

A

two-and-a-half

73
Q

Bowlby said that damage was inevitable if a child had not formed an attachment during the critical period, which is how long?

A

two-and-a-half years

74
Q

There is evidence to suggest that in many cases what can prevent most or all of the damage from not forming an attachment in the first two-and-a-half years of life?

A

Good quality aftercare

75
Q

True/False: There is criticism of Bowlby’s suggestion that damage was inevitable if a child didn’t form an attachment in the proposed critical period

A

True

76
Q

Koluchová (1976) reported the case of _____ Twins

A

Czech

77
Q

Koluchová (1976) reported the case of Czech twins who experienced what from the age of 18 months up until they were seven years old?

A

Very severe physical and emotional abuse

78
Q

Koluchová (1976) reported the case of Czech twins who experienced very severe physical and emotional abuse from the age of __ months up until they were _ years old

A

18, 7

79
Q

Although the twins in Koluchová (1976)’s case study were severely damaged emotionally by their experience, what did they receive that meant they had fully recovered by their teens?

A

Excellent care

80
Q

Although the twins in Koluchová (1976)’s case study were severely emotionally damaged by their experience, they received excellent care and by what stage in their life had they fully recovered?

A

Their teens

81
Q

Although the twins in Koluchová (1976)’s case study were severely emotionally damaged by their experience, they received excellent care and by their teens had…

A

fully recovered

82
Q

Koluchová (1976)’s findings in their case study of the Czech Twins means that lasting harm is/isn’t inevitable in cases of severe privation

A

isn’t

83
Q

Koluchová (1976)’s findings in their case study of the Czech Twins means that lasting harm isn’t inevitable even in cases of severe privation. What is the ‘critical period’ therefore better seen as?

A

A ‘sensitive period’

84
Q

Who proposed that the ‘critical period’ is better seen as a ‘sensitive period’?

A

Koluchová (1976)

85
Q

Most attempts to replicate the (1944) 44 thieves study produced/failed to produce similar results

A

failed to reduce

86
Q

Lewis (1954) looked at ___ young people and found no association between early separation and later psychopathy (criminality or relationship difficulties)

A

500

87
Q

Lewis (1954) looked at 500 young people and found no association between what?

A

Early separation and later psychopathy (criminality or relationship difficulties)

88
Q

How has Gao et al. (2010) partially supported Bowlby?

A

by showing that poor quality maternal care was associated with high rates of psychopathy in adults

Psychology - IN FOCUS Attachment (8 decks)

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