Role Of Individuals In Egypt And India 1890-1914

Question 1

When was Baring Consul-General in Egypt?

Answer 1

1883-1907

Question 2

What were Baring’s main beliefs?

Answer 2

. He was a ‘moral reformer’ as much as an administrator - Christian
. Believed a long occupation of Egypt was necessary

Question 3

How did Baring consolidate his position in Egypt?

Answer 3

. Created the ‘Granville Doctrine’
. Placed British officials in key ministries
. Created the ‘veiled protectorate’ over Egypt

Question 4

What did the Granville Doctrine do?

Answer 4

Allowed Baring to dismiss Egyptian ministers who refused to accept British directives

Question 5

Did Baring’s veiled protectorate work?

Answer 5

For the first ten years yes, as Khedive Tewfiq didn’t want governmental responsibility in the face of great British military strength so he accepted it

Question 6

What was Baring’s view on the Egyptian army?

Answer 6

Saw it as ‘untrustworthy’ after seeing uprisings agains the Khedive

Question 7

When did Sir Elden Gorst become Consul-General of Egypt?

Answer 7

1907-1911

Question 8

What did Gorst do as Consul-General?

Answer 8

. Brought more Egyptians into higher positions in government so they felt more in control to try and weaken the Egyptian national party (growing nationalism)
. 1909: tried to impose tighter censorship in the press
. Tried to quell nationalism with more punishments, but made it worse as it turned nationalists into martyrs, giving them more sympathy

Question 9

Why did the German government help resist British in Egypt?

Answer 9

Provided funds to fuel anti-British sentiment (feeling)

Question 10

When did Viscount Herbert Kitchener become Consul-General of Egypt?

Answer 10

1911-1914

Question 11

What was Kitchener’s role before he was consul general?

Answer 11

1896: commander-in-chief of Egyptian army during Sudan campaign
Army commander-in-chief during second Boer war

Question 12

What did Kitchener do as Consul-General?

Answer 12

. Tried to curb nationalism and uncover groups stirring up trouble
. Increased British dominance in Egypt
. 1913: new Legislative assembly replaced Advisory council of laws and general assembly

Question 13

What was the problem with the new 1913 legislative assembly?

Answer 13

The 66 elected members and 17 appointed nominees represnted rich landowners rather than the normal Egyptian people

Question 14

How did Baring deal with the ‘untrustworthy’ Egyptian army?

Answer 14

Disbanded it and replaced it in a similar way to the British in India

Question 15

How did Baring personally deal with the budget of the army in Egypt?

Answer 15

He had total control of the Egyptian economy

Question 16

What did Baring agree about the duration of British control of Egypt?

Answer 16

Agreed British control would have to end at some point but refused Egyptian input on how it should be governed while he had control

Question 17

What was the turning point away from Baring’s supreme control over Egypt?

Answer 17

In 1892, Tewfiq died and was replaced by the young Abbas Hilmi II who wanted to remove British rule and encouraged a nationalist movement

Question 18

How did Baring show the power of British in Egypt even when faced with a nationalist movement?

Answer 18

Baring bullied Hilmi II into submission quite easily

Question 19

How was Baring orientalist?

Answer 19

Regarded Egypt as being under the grip of Islam which he saw as detrimental to modern Egypt and inferior to Christianity

Question 20

What did Baring’s orientalist views lead him on?

Answer 20

A ‘moral mission’ of discouraging slavery and stopping the import of hashish (hash) into Egypt

Question 21

Why were some of Baring’s orientalist views ironic?

Answer 21

He was concerned with Islamic society’s perceived acceptance of slavery and unjust treatment of women but he was also the founding member of the Men’s League for Opposing Women’s suffrage in Britain

Question 22

What signalled the end of Baring’s rule in Egypt?

Answer 22

1906 Denshawai incident, with the flogging and hanging of locals revealing the inequality in the supposedly ‘superior’ British justice system Baring oversaw

This forced baring to resign as consul-General

Question 23

How was Baring treated on his return to Britain?

Answer 23

Parliament awarded him £50,000 for his ‘eminent services’ (ironic)

Question 24

On Baring’s return to Britain, how did he let his orientalist views shine through to the public?

Answer 24

1908: published a two-volume set of books on Modern Egypt, painting an orientalist picture for the public of Britain, where Egypt was depicted as a country of ‘religious prejudice’ (ironic again)

Question 25

When did Lord Salisbury (PM) appoint Curzon as viceroy of India?

Answer 25

1899 - during height of conservative imperialism in Britain

Question 26

What did Curzon do around the world

Answer 26

Travelled, writing notable books on Russia and Persia

Question 27

What did Curzon create in 1901 and why?

Answer 27

North-Western Frontier province to dispatch a military expedition into Tibet after his concern on Russian expansion

Question 28

What was Curzon’s belief about imperialism?

Answer 28

It was a religious and moral duty) ‘supreme force for good in the world’

Question 29

What did Curzon do in India to consolidate British control?

Answer 29

. Oversaw the re-arming of Indian regiments
. Expanded provincial police
. Promoted scientific and medical education
. Constructed an extra 6000 miles of railway

Question 30

What changes did Curzon make in India?

Answer 30

. Made commission and legislations to improve India’s agriculture and administration
. Reintroduced means tests for famine relief: prevented 1 million in Bombay region alone from aid during 1899-1902 famine

Question 31

Why did Curzon found the imperial cadet corps in November 1901?

Answer 31

To give Indian nobles a military role and officer prospect as he believed loyal Indian elites (‘Anglo-Indian elites’) were needed for the Raj to look good and reduce Indian nationalism

Question 32

How did Curzon bask in his imperial status as viceroy when he really shouldn’t have?

Answer 32

Gave splendid feasts and banquets when most of India was in poverty and famished

Question 33

What were Curzon’s main racial views influencing his rule in India?

Answer 33

. Reluctant to give Indians any responsibility
. Low expectations of Indians: 1902 speech at uni of Calcutta - ‘you cannot do without us’
- contradicting this, he went on to say ‘we would be impotent without you’
. Believed Indians needed an ‘Englishman’s authority and self confidence’

Question 34

Why did Curzon believe Indians needed an ‘Englishman’s authority and self confidence’?

Answer 34

He believed a Hindu would be distrusted by a Muslim community and a Bengali would struggle to assert himself outside of Bengal. Essentially, he is saying British people won’t cause any divisions

Question 35

Why did Curzon refuse to appoint more Indians to senior posts in the Raj?

Answer 35

In fear they were unequal to emergency as Britain and rather ‘inclined to abdicate’ (run away or not put in proper effort)

Question 36

How did Curzon believe he could weaken the Raj’s internal enemies?

Answer 36

Believed dividing Bengal in 1905 as well as Indians along religious lines would do this

Question 37

How did the partition of Bengal backfire?

Answer 37

Had to be reversed in 1911 as it led to so much widespread Indian resistance

Question 38

When was Curzon forced to resign as Victory and why?

Answer 38

August 1905, he had caused too much resistance and was growing Indian nationalism