Role Of Individuals In Egypt And India 1890-1914 Flashcards
When was Baring Consul-General in Egypt?
1883-1907
What were Baring’s main beliefs?
. He was a ‘moral reformer’ as much as an administrator - Christian
. Believed a long occupation of Egypt was necessary
How did Baring consolidate his position in Egypt?
. Created the ‘Granville Doctrine’
. Placed British officials in key ministries
. Created the ‘veiled protectorate’ over Egypt
What did the Granville Doctrine do?
Allowed Baring to dismiss Egyptian ministers who refused to accept British directives
Did Baring’s veiled protectorate work?
For the first ten years yes, as Khedive Tewfiq didn’t want governmental responsibility in the face of great British military strength so he accepted it
What was Baring’s view on the Egyptian army?
Saw it as ‘untrustworthy’ after seeing uprisings agains the Khedive
When did Sir Elden Gorst become Consul-General of Egypt?
1907-1911
What did Gorst do as Consul-General?
. Brought more Egyptians into higher positions in government so they felt more in control to try and weaken the Egyptian national party (growing nationalism)
. 1909: tried to impose tighter censorship in the press
. Tried to quell nationalism with more punishments, but made it worse as it turned nationalists into martyrs, giving them more sympathy
Why did the German government help resist British in Egypt?
Provided funds to fuel anti-British sentiment (feeling)
When did Viscount Herbert Kitchener become Consul-General of Egypt?
1911-1914
What was Kitchener’s role before he was consul general?
1896: commander-in-chief of Egyptian army during Sudan campaign
Army commander-in-chief during second Boer war
What did Kitchener do as Consul-General?
. Tried to curb nationalism and uncover groups stirring up trouble
. Increased British dominance in Egypt
. 1913: new Legislative assembly replaced Advisory council of laws and general assembly
What was the problem with the new 1913 legislative assembly?
The 66 elected members and 17 appointed nominees represnted rich landowners rather than the normal Egyptian people
How did Baring deal with the ‘untrustworthy’ Egyptian army?
Disbanded it and replaced it in a similar way to the British in India
How did Baring personally deal with the budget of the army in Egypt?
He had total control of the Egyptian economy
What did Baring agree about the duration of British control of Egypt?
Agreed British control would have to end at some point but refused Egyptian input on how it should be governed while he had control
What was the turning point away from Baring’s supreme control over Egypt?
In 1892, Tewfiq died and was replaced by the young Abbas Hilmi II who wanted to remove British rule and encouraged a nationalist movement
How did Baring show the power of British in Egypt even when faced with a nationalist movement?
Baring bullied Hilmi II into submission quite easily
How was Baring orientalist?
Regarded Egypt as being under the grip of Islam which he saw as detrimental to modern Egypt and inferior to Christianity
What did Baring’s orientalist views lead him on?
A ‘moral mission’ of discouraging slavery and stopping the import of hashish (hash) into Egypt
Why were some of Baring’s orientalist views ironic?
He was concerned with Islamic society’s perceived acceptance of slavery and unjust treatment of women but he was also the founding member of the Men’s League for Opposing Women’s suffrage in Britain
What signalled the end of Baring’s rule in Egypt?
1906 Denshawai incident, with the flogging and hanging of locals revealing the inequality in the supposedly ‘superior’ British justice system Baring oversaw
This forced baring to resign as consul-General
How was Baring treated on his return to Britain?
Parliament awarded him £50,000 for his ‘eminent services’ (ironic)
On Baring’s return to Britain, how did he let his orientalist views shine through to the public?
1908: published a two-volume set of books on Modern Egypt, painting an orientalist picture for the public of Britain, where Egypt was depicted as a country of ‘religious prejudice’ (ironic again)
