Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

British Empire > Challeneges In India And Africa To The Empire (1890-WW1) > Flashcards

Challeneges In India And Africa To The Empire (1890-WW1) Flashcards

1
Q

Where were the challenges in Africa to the empire up to WW1?

A

British Somaliland, Zanzibar, West Africa an Sudan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Who was ‘Mad Mullah’ in Somaliland and what did he do?

A

Somali religious and military leader, aimed to defend Somalia from British, Italian and Ethiopian invasion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What happened in 1899 that outraged Mad Mullah?

A

A group of Somali children were said to have been converted to Christianity by French missionaries
- he wanted to drive all Christians into the sea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How did Mad Mullah respond to hearing of the Somali children being converted to Christianity?

A

Built an army of 20,000 dervishes to start raids on British Somaliland to antagonise (provoke/anger) local communities from 1900

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why did Mad Mullah use dervishes?

A

They are notoriously religious and good fighters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How did Britain try and counter Mad Mullah’s army and were they successful?

A

British joined with Ethiopia’s Emperor Menelik
- couldn’t suppress Mullah till 1920 when an aerial bombing finally destroyed Dervish strongholds
- this aerial assault cost thousands of civilian lives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How did Zanzibar challenge the Empire?

A

August 1896: Khalid Bin Bargharsh assumed power after the suspicious death of pro-British sultan Hamoud
- he commanded 3000 men to fight but quickly fled after heavy bombardment from British ships

The challenge here wasn’t very successful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How did Britain cause resentment in West Africa?

A

1898: Colonel Cardew (British governor of Sierra-Leone) introduced the ‘hut tax’
- severe tax on dwellings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How did Cardew deal with resentment in West Africa?

A

Used a scorched earth policy, achieving surrender from Chief Bai Bureh in November 1898
- hundreds killed in the process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How did Cardew harshly punish the resistance in West Africa?

A

Hung 96 of the chief’s warriors despite British government’s pleas for leniency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where were the greatest challenges to the Empire in Africa up to WW1?

A

Sudan and the Transvaal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What was Kitchener’s conquest in Sudan and how did the Daily Mail depict it?

A

Battle of Omdurman and fall of Khartoum in 1898
- daily Mail said it secured the ‘downfall of the worst tyranny in the world’ (Sudan)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What were the effects of the fall of the Madhist regime?

A

. Effectively one oppressor was replaced by another
. Many Sudanese welcomed the fall
. Negative impact on the Sudanese economy
. 50% population decline due to famine, disease, persecution and warfare after Britain arrived

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How did Britain struggle to control South Sudan for more than 30 years after the fall of the Madhist regime?

A

. Sudanese to renounce their customs and pay taxation to the British
. New colonial rulers tried to resolve Sudanese feuds harshly
- death penalty frequently used, leading to more resistance
. 33 punitive expeditions took place to force rebels to accept British order and Sudanese were often brutally treated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a punitive expedition?

A

military journey undertaken to punish a political entity or any group of people outside the borders of the punishing state or union.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How did Sudanese react to violent British reprisals/treatment of Sudanese people?

A

Uprose in 1900, 1902-3, 1904 and 1908

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How did British benefit Sudan when they took over?

A

. Economic development, particularly in the Nile Valley
. Telegraph and railway lines were extended to link areas in North Sudan together
. 1906: Port Sudan opened to become Sudan’s main outlet to sea
. 1911: Gezira research scheme set up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What did the Gezira scheme do?

A

. Provided high quality cotton for Britain’s textile industry
. Improvements in irrigation systems in Sudan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How did the government in Sudan change in 1899?

A

Joint Anglo-Egyptian government over Sudan declared

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How was the Anglo-Egyptian government over Sudan supposed to work vs how it worked?

A

Theory: it’s military and civil government were invested in a governor general who was nominated by the British government and appointed by the khedive

Reality: Britain ruled Sudan and Egypt paid, so the needs of the Sudanese people were still ignored

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happened to political opinion on British rule in India in 1890s?

A

Opposition grew amongst the educated Indian professional classes and an outlet for protests was found in the emergence and growth of nationalist newspapers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When did Bal Tilak join the Indian National congress?

A

1890, increased influence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What did Bal Tilak set up in 1880?

A

A school for Indian students, with the aim of promoting pride in Indian culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What newspaper did Bal Tilak establish?

A

The nationalist newspaper the ‘kesari’, edited it and spread anti-imperialist views

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Who did Bal Tilak work with and what was the name of this group?

A

. Bipin Chandra Pal
. Lala Rajpab Rai
. Bal Tilak

‘Lal-Bal-Pal’ group, all nationalists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How did the British try to stop Tilak’s nationalist influence in India?

A

. He was arrested 3 times for sedition (trying to get people to rebel) and was referred to by the London times as the ‘Father of Indian unrest’
. Accused of inciting the murder of a medical officer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What were the two main nationalist newspapers in India?

A

‘Kesari’ and ‘Kaal’

28
Q

When was the Kaal founded and by who?

A

1898 by Shivram Paranjape

29
Q

What is the Kaal translated to?

A

Both ‘times’ and ‘terminator’

30
Q

How did the British try to stop Paranjape’s nationalist influence in India?

A

. Him and Tilak were sentenced to imprisonment for stirring up hostility
. The popularity of the Kaal led to his arrest for sedition in 1908
- 19 months in prison with hard labour
. After his release in 1910, the British authorities banned the publication of Kaal and confiscated his writings

31
Q

What organisation was founded in 1903 and what did it become?

A

Abhinav Bharat (Young india) organisation, became the home for several hundred revolutionaries and political activists

32
Q

What did the Young India organisation do to challenge British rule?

A

. Established branches in various parts of India
. Carried out assassinations of British officials, including Arthur Jackson, a district magistrate

33
Q

What prompted the greatest opposition to the British Raj?

A

Viceroy Curzon’s partition of Bengal

34
Q

What nationalist movement came about from the controversy of the partition of Bengal?

A

Tilak led the Swadeshi (‘self sufficiency’) campaign designed to undermine British rule, six year campaign

35
Q

What did the Swadeshi movement do?

A

. Held petitions and protests
. Hosted a public boycott of British goods (being self-sufficient)

36
Q

How was the Swadeshi movement successful in opposing British rule in India?

A

. Bengal reunited in 1911
. Its methods and principles influenced later campaigns of Gandhi

37
Q

Who was targeted in Indian nationalist attacks?

A

A number of British administrators, including the governor of Bengal, attacks organised by nationalists

38
Q

How did the British initially view the Indian nationalist-organised attacks?

A

As uncoordinated and representing desperate attempts by those the British considered to be poor and uneducated Indians

39
Q

When did Britain realise the nationalist-organised attacks in India were more serious?

A

. April 1908, two British women killed by a bomb intended for a district judge
. Police investigation mounted
. Revealed the attack was the work of an insurgent organisation known as the Anushilan Samiti
. This organisation was led by a Calcutta High court barrister, showing it wasn’t just the uneducated Indians rebelling, making the nationalist opposition in India more of a threat

40
Q

Why was the Nort-West Frontier province created?

A

To protect the border of India from feared Russian invasion

41
Q

What did the NWFP do?

A

Merged north western areas of the Afghan people with the Punjab and a chief commissioner for the area was allocated

42
Q

How did Curzon strengthen the defence of India?

A

. Created North-West Frontier province in 1901
. Mounted a temporary invasion of Tibet from 1903-4 to counter supposed Russian ambitions there

43
Q

How was the defence of India strengthened after Curzon left office?

A

1907: ‘entente’ established spheres of influence in Persia and Russia and India agreed to respect Tibet’s independence

44
Q

What were Curzon’s ‘other reforms’ in India?

A

. Preserved ancient monuments like the Taj Mahal
. Expanded railways and irrigation systems
. Set up a commerce and industry department, promoting industrial development in India
. Set up an agricultural department, overseeing the establishment of agricultural banks

45
Q

When was the main famine in India and what caused it?

A

1899-1900: famine in Western and Central India as the monsoon rains failed, causing draught to parch crops, impacting almost 60 million people

46
Q

What was Curzon’s significance in the Indian famine?

A

Refused to allow aid, saying the starving villagers must gain ‘self-resilience’, allowing Indians to starve to death

47
Q

When did Viceroy Minto take over Curzon?

A

1905-1910

48
Q

What did Viceroy Minto have to do in India and how was he supported?

A

. Had to clean up Curzon’s mess
. 1906 new liberal government in Britain encouraged him
. Helped by John Morley, Secretary of State in India

49
Q

What main change did Viceroy Minto make in India?

A

Introduced a limited programme of reforms in 1909 called the Morley-Minto Reforms to try and appease (calm down) the Bengalis

50
Q

What was the main reform made in the Morley Minto reforms and what did it do?

A

1909 Indian councils act:
. 27 Indian councils could be elected from provincial constituencies to the Viceroy’s council, which advised the Viceroy and assisted him in the making of laws

51
Q

What was the significance of the 1910 Indian councils act?

A

Supposedly provided greater Indian participation in government but the represenatives were often chosen by the British

52
Q

What was the second part of the Morley-Minto reforms and what was its significance?

A

1910: in elections for enlarged provincial councils, 135 Indians were able to secure seats across the subcontinent
- this allowed Indians to play a greater part in government at a provincial level

53
Q

What was the idea of how India was ruled under Viceroy Minto?

A

Try to increase Indian influence to look supportive but be very selective in which Indians can be involved in British Raj

54
Q

When was Hardinge Viceroy?

A

1910-16

55
Q

What did Hardinge have to do as Viceroy?

A

Fix Curzon’s damage done in the partition of Bengal

56
Q

Who was the only British monarch to visit the Raj?

A

King-emperor George V in 1911

57
Q

What did Viceroy Hardinge first do in India and why?

A

Moved India’s capital from Calcutta to Delhi (more Muslims in capital now) and called it New Delhi
- to undermine revolutionary Hindu groups

58
Q

What celebration was held in 1911 and why?

A

Emperor of India George V’s Delhi Durbar to display power of Britain, reinforce an anxious empire in India and get loyalty of Indian princely rulers

59
Q

How did Viceroy Hardinge test India’s commitment to British rule?

A

Declared war on India’s behalf without consulting the population in August 1914
Most supported Britains efforts as 1.3 million Indians served in WW1
- India’s efforts in war raised hopes of a new ‘deal for India’ after WW1

60
Q

How was George V’s Durbar a massive display of the power of the British empire?

A

. Covered 20 square miles
. His camp alone cost modern-day £2 million
. Massive reception tents set up for formal dinners and there was entertainment for British nobles

61
Q

How did Curzon decide to part Bengal?

A

2 separate provinces: a Muslim majority province in the east and Assam and a Hindu majority in the west

62
Q

When was the partition of Bengal actually carried out?

A

October 1905

63
Q

Why was the partition of Bengal such a problem?

A

. Produced uproar among Hindu elite in West Bengal as many of them owned land in east Bengal that they leased to Muslim peasants
. Led to Hindu strikes, protests and boycotts of British goods (swadeshi movement)
. Split Indian congress between extremists and moderates

64
Q

Who supported the partition of Bengal?

A

The Muslim elites, they formed the All Indian Muslim League in 1906 to safeguard the rights of Indian Muslims

65
Q

How was the partition of Bengal useful for British justification of control in India?

A

Used their control to claim they were avoiding religious conflict (‘divide and rule’)

British Empire (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions