Rogers Flashcards
Which subdiscipline of psychology did Rogers help find?
Humanistic psychology
What is humanistic psychology?
It emphasizes the present experience and essential worth of the whole person, promotes creativity, intentionalism, free choice, and spontaneity, and fosters the belief that people can solve their own psychological problems.
Humanistic psychology is also known as the…
“Third force in psychology”
What are the principles of humanism?
- Focus on the “experiencing person” (cannot really explain personality until all aspects are combined–behaviors, etc.)
- Emphasis on “human choice, creativity, self-actualization”
- “Meaningfulness must proceed objectivity”
- “Dignity of person”
Freud is the voice of the Old Testament while Rogers is the…
Voice of the New Testament
What is Rogers’ core tendency?
Self-actualization
Rogers believed that self-actualization was a…
Biological drive towards growth. He argued that just because something is immeasurable doesn’t mean it’s not real.
What are Rogers’ core structures?
Self
Need for positive regard
True or false: In development, there needs to be both a positive environment and negative environment.
True
In a positive environment, there is “unconditional positive regard.” What is this?
It is provided when other people communicate, with no strings attached, that one is accepted, valued, worthwhile, and trusted, simply for being who one is.
Ex: When a parent punishes a child’s behavior, but makes sure to let the child know they are loved regardless
In a negative environment, there is “conditions of worth.” What is this?
The opposite of unconditional positive regard; when someone is accepted, valued, worthwhile, and trusted, only if they fulfill someone else’s demands.
Ex: When a parent says, “I love you if (child does something parent wants him to do).”
What is troubling about conditions of worth?
Child will lack self-actualization, because he was raised to think that he would only be accepted if he pleased others instead of himself. He won’t be able to find his true self; instead, he will take on an “ideal self” that others would approve of.
What kind of path do conditions of worth take?
Conditions of worth –> is internalized by child –> incongruence/”fragmented personality” and self vs. ideal self –> will lead to anxiety in the person –> and result in defensive functioning (such as denial and repression)
What kind of path does unconditional positive regard take?
Unconditional positive regard –> is internalized by child –> congruence/”real” personality and self –> will result in self-actualization
What are some similarities that Rogers shares with Freud?
Self (R) = ego (F) Ideal self (R) = super ego (F) Defense mechanisms: denial, repression Defense mechanisms work to reduce anxiety
Humanistic psychology emerged from two other philosophical orientations. Which are they?
Existentialism and phenomenology
What is existentialism?
A philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will.
What is phenomenology?
It encompasses a search for essential issues, an emphasis on consciousness, the necessity of describing experience, and a desire to grasp reality as each individual uniquely perceives it.
What did Rogers and May say about therapists?
It required therapists to view a client objectively, clearing their “mind of the presuppositions” that would cause them to look at the client through their own perceived theories.
Phenomenology calls for an “attitude of…”
Openness and readiness to hear
According to Rogers, if we wish to understand a person, we need to get inside his or her individual world of meaning, by showing ____.
Empathy
What is empathy?
Sensing and participating in the emotions of others
What kind of approach did Rogers adopt? What is it used for?
He adopted the organismic approach, in which the human organism is viewed as a total being whose physical, psychological, and spiritual aspects cannot be separated except by artificial means.
True or false: Rogers’ theory of therapy is now called client-centered.
False. It is called person-centered.
The goal of self-actualization is…
To be that self which one truly is
What is experience?
All the emotions, cognitions, and perceptions occurring to the organism at any given moment that potentially can be consciously considered.
What is the ideal self?
The self a person most values and desires to be
What is congruence?
A state in which a person’s self-concept and actual experiences relating to self are consistent
What is incongruence?
It reflects an inconsistency between self-concept and experiences relating to the self
What is self?
The organized, consistent, conceptual whole composed of perceptions of the characteristics of the “I” or “me,” the values attached to these perceptions, and the relationships of the “I” or “me” to various aspects of life.
Incongruence can result from rigid, distorted, or unrealistic beliefs, and also result from ____ and _____.
Denial and distortion
What is denial?
Denial is the inability to recognize or accept the existence of an experience that has occurred
What is distortion?
A reinterpretation of an experience so as to make it consistent with how one wants things to be, as in the reaction, “You are all wrong. Yesterday the boss was very friendly to me.”
What is positive regard?
The experiencing of oneself as making a positive difference in the lives of other people and as receiving warmth, liking, respect, sympathy, acceptance, caring, and trust from others
What is positive self-regard?
A favorable attitude towards themselves
In order for a person to grow and have congruence…
significant people in their lives–including the person’s therapist–must be themselves in relationships with that person.
True or false: Rogers believed that all organisms have inherent, natural capacities for growth, understanding, change, purposeful direction, and the responsible use for personal freedom.
True
