Rogers

Question 1

Which subdiscipline of psychology did Rogers help find?

Answer 1

Humanistic psychology

Question 2

What is humanistic psychology?

Answer 2

It emphasizes the present experience and essential worth of the whole person, promotes creativity, intentionalism, free choice, and spontaneity, and fosters the belief that people can solve their own psychological problems.

Question 3

Humanistic psychology is also known as the…

Answer 3

“Third force in psychology”

Question 4

What are the principles of humanism?

Answer 4

1. Focus on the “experiencing person” (cannot really explain personality until all aspects are combined–behaviors, etc.)
2. Emphasis on “human choice, creativity, self-actualization”
3. “Meaningfulness must proceed objectivity”
4. “Dignity of person”

Question 5

Freud is the voice of the Old Testament while Rogers is the…

Answer 5

Voice of the New Testament

Question 6

What is Rogers’ core tendency?

Answer 6

Self-actualization

Question 7

Rogers believed that self-actualization was a…

Answer 7

Biological drive towards growth. He argued that just because something is immeasurable doesn’t mean it’s not real.

Question 8

What are Rogers’ core structures?

Answer 8

Self

Need for positive regard

Question 9

True or false: In development, there needs to be both a positive environment and negative environment.

Answer 9

True

Question 10

In a positive environment, there is “unconditional positive regard.” What is this?

Answer 10

It is provided when other people communicate, with no strings attached, that one is accepted, valued, worthwhile, and trusted, simply for being who one is.

Ex: When a parent punishes a child’s behavior, but makes sure to let the child know they are loved regardless

Question 11

In a negative environment, there is “conditions of worth.” What is this?

Answer 11

The opposite of unconditional positive regard; when someone is accepted, valued, worthwhile, and trusted, only if they fulfill someone else’s demands.

Ex: When a parent says, “I love you if (child does something parent wants him to do).”

Question 12

What is troubling about conditions of worth?

Answer 12

Child will lack self-actualization, because he was raised to think that he would only be accepted if he pleased others instead of himself. He won’t be able to find his true self; instead, he will take on an “ideal self” that others would approve of.

Question 13

What kind of path do conditions of worth take?

Answer 13

Conditions of worth –> is internalized by child –> incongruence/”fragmented personality” and self vs. ideal self –> will lead to anxiety in the person –> and result in defensive functioning (such as denial and repression)

Question 14

What kind of path does unconditional positive regard take?

Answer 14

Unconditional positive regard –> is internalized by child –> congruence/”real” personality and self –> will result in self-actualization

Question 15

What are some similarities that Rogers shares with Freud?

Answer 15

Self (R) = ego (F)
Ideal self (R) = super ego (F)
Defense mechanisms: denial, repression
Defense mechanisms work to reduce anxiety

Question 16

Humanistic psychology emerged from two other philosophical orientations. Which are they?

Answer 16

Existentialism and phenomenology

Question 17

What is existentialism?

Answer 17

A philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will.

Question 18

What is phenomenology?

Answer 18

It encompasses a search for essential issues, an emphasis on consciousness, the necessity of describing experience, and a desire to grasp reality as each individual uniquely perceives it.

Question 19

What did Rogers and May say about therapists?

Answer 19

It required therapists to view a client objectively, clearing their “mind of the presuppositions” that would cause them to look at the client through their own perceived theories.

Question 20

Phenomenology calls for an “attitude of…”

Answer 20

Openness and readiness to hear

Question 21

According to Rogers, if we wish to understand a person, we need to get inside his or her individual world of meaning, by showing ____.

Answer 21

Empathy

Question 22

What is empathy?

Answer 22

Sensing and participating in the emotions of others

Question 23

What kind of approach did Rogers adopt? What is it used for?

Answer 23

He adopted the organismic approach, in which the human organism is viewed as a total being whose physical, psychological, and spiritual aspects cannot be separated except by artificial means.

Question 24

True or false: Rogers’ theory of therapy is now called client-centered.

Answer 24

False. It is called person-centered.

Question 25

The goal of self-actualization is…

Answer 25

To be that self which one truly is

Question 26

What is experience?

Answer 26

All the emotions, cognitions, and perceptions occurring to the organism at any given moment that potentially can be consciously considered.

Question 27

What is the ideal self?

Answer 27

The self a person most values and desires to be

Question 28

What is congruence?

Answer 28

A state in which a person’s self-concept and actual experiences relating to self are consistent

Question 29

What is incongruence?

Answer 29

It reflects an inconsistency between self-concept and experiences relating to the self

Question 30

What is self?

Answer 30

The organized, consistent, conceptual whole composed of perceptions of the characteristics of the “I” or “me,” the values attached to these perceptions, and the relationships of the “I” or “me” to various aspects of life.

Question 31

Incongruence can result from rigid, distorted, or unrealistic beliefs, and also result from ____ and _____.

Answer 31

Denial and distortion

Question 32

What is denial?

Answer 32

Denial is the inability to recognize or accept the existence of an experience that has occurred

Question 33

What is distortion?

Answer 33

A reinterpretation of an experience so as to make it consistent with how one wants things to be, as in the reaction, “You are all wrong. Yesterday the boss was very friendly to me.”

Question 34

What is positive regard?

Answer 34

The experiencing of oneself as making a positive difference in the lives of other people and as receiving warmth, liking, respect, sympathy, acceptance, caring, and trust from others

Question 35

What is positive self-regard?

Answer 35

A favorable attitude towards themselves

Question 36

In order for a person to grow and have congruence…

Answer 36

significant people in their lives–including the person’s therapist–must be themselves in relationships with that person.

Question 37

True or false: Rogers believed that all organisms have inherent, natural capacities for growth, understanding, change, purposeful direction, and the responsible use for personal freedom.

Answer 37

True