Rocks Exam 11/6/23

Question 1

extrusive rocks

Answer 1

Igneous rocks that form on the Earth’s surface, these rocks are formed by lava and cool and solidify quickly.

Question 2

intrusive rocks

Answer 2

Igneous rocks that form deep inside Earth’s crust, formed by Magma, take long to cool and solidify.

Question 3

Plutonic

Answer 3

another term for intrusive igneous rocks

Question 4

Extrusion

Answer 4

the formation and process of lava leaving the volcanoes and forming extrusive rocks

Question 5

magma

Answer 5

lava inside Earth’s crust, much hotter than lava, forms intrusive igneous rocks

Question 6

lava

Answer 6

Magma that left the Earth’s crust and is on the Earth’s surface, less hotter than magma, forms extrusive igneous rocks

Question 7

vesicular

Answer 7

gas holes, when extrusive igneous rocks cool quickly and traps gas bubbles

Question 8

texture

Answer 8

coarse, fine, very coarse, glassy, vesicular, non-vesicular

Question 9

crystallization

Answer 9

crystallization occurs when an intrusive rock takes long to cool and solidify

Question 10

sedimentary rocks

Answer 10

rocks formed from the compaction and cementation of sediments

Question 11

lithification

Answer 11

a process in which sediments are compacted under pressure and cemented together

Question 12

what are the three types of sedimentary rocks?

Answer 12

clastic, crystalline, bioclastic/organic

Question 13

clastic sedimentary rocks

Answer 13

formed from the compaction and cementation of sediments

Question 14

crystalline sedimentary rocks

Answer 14

formed from mineral grains and crystals that precipitate out of solution and evaporate

Question 15

bioclastic/organic sedimentary rocks

Answer 15

formed from the remains of plants and animals that are compacted and cemented together

Question 16

how does compaction of a sedimentary rock occur?

Answer 16

when the weight of overlying sediments compress together

Question 17

how does the cementation of a sedimentary rock occur?

Answer 17

when dissolved minerals precipitate in the pores and glue the minerals together

Question 18

precipitation

Answer 18

to become a solid out of a solution

Question 19

fossils

Answer 19

the remains, impressions of former life that has been preserved in sedimentary rocks

Question 20

ripple marks

Answer 20

formed from waves on the sand before lithification occurred, looks like wavy sand

Question 21

mud cracks

Answer 21

developed from deposits of wet dry clay that cracked, these cracks are often filled

Question 22

metamorphic rocks

Answer 22

formed from existing bedrock and is changed by heat and/or pressure, and chemical action within the earth’s crust

Question 23

what are the two types of metamorphism?

Answer 23

regional metamorphism, and contact metamorphism

Question 24

what are the two types of foliation?

Answer 24

mineral alignment, and banding

Question 25

regional metamorphism

Answer 25

rocks that are transformed over a wide geographic area, usually between mountains, and are transformed by the movement of continental crusts. Immense pressure and some heat forms transforms the pre-existing rock into a regional metamorphic rock. regional metamorphic rocks look distorted/deformed mostly due to the pressure and some heat.

Question 26

contact metamorphism

Answer 26

Pre-existing rock come into contact with intense heat, these rocks come into contact with liquid magma (that's why it's called contact metamorphism), the liquid magma burns/bakes the rock and it becomes a metamorphic rock. Contact metamorphism is all about heat, no pressure!

Question 27

foliation

Answer 27

the repetitive alignment or banding of minerals due to intense pressure, under pressure and heat some minerals may re-crystallize as new minerals or larger crystals

Question 28

mineral alignment

Answer 28

during foliation, intense pressures may cause minerals to align themselves in distorted layers of mineral crystals that look like repetitive sheets

Question 29

banding

Answer 29

during foliation, intense pressures may arrange the minerals of a rock to arrange in alternating bands of light and dark minerals, this is called banding.

Question 30

what does high-grade metamorphism cause?

Answer 30

more heat and pressure cause higher-grade metamorphism which causes an increase in distortion and deformity in metamorphic rocks

Question 31

what does low-grade metamorphism cause?

Answer 31

low heat and pressure cause low-grade metamorphism which causes little changes in the mineralogy and texture of metamorphic rock, the rock will have little distortion and deformity.