Global Regents 2024 Flashcards
apartheid
separation of the races, it is a policy of strict social segregation
universal suffrage
voting rights for everyone
absolutism
when one person holds all the power over a country or region
englightenment
a time where people questioned the government/king
ottoman empire
lasted for over 400 years, the ottomans built one of the largest and most diverse empires that offered religious tolerance
Mughal empire
a Muslim dynasty that ruled parts of modern day India and Pakistan from 1526 to 1857
British Eats India Company
Set up with the intention of expanding and trading with India (the company is not a government, but had the pull and sway of a government)
Tokugawa Shogunate
the government that ruled Japan (1600-1868), it prevented foreigners from coming into Japan and from Japanese people leaving Japan, they also cut off all trading from Japan with other nations
Feudalism
Land owned by a powerful person is divided up and given to others in exchange for work and a promise to fight for the landowner
edict of 1635
orders the closing of Japan and they go into a period of Isolationism (wanted to eliminate foreign influence from Japan including Christianity)
What led to the Enlightenment era?
during the scientific revolution, people began to question who was in charge which was the Church. This then lead to people questioning the government, people wanted a change in government.
Scientific revolution
a series of rapid scientific advancements that occurred in Western Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries
John Locke
Enlightenment thinker; natural rights of people being life, liberty, and property. He wrote two treaties of government - consent of the governed
Natural Rights
Rights that all people are born with
Montesquieu
Enlightenment thinker; separation of powers - three branches of government so no one branch holds all the power
Rousseau
Enlightenment thinker; Social contract theory - contract between the people and the government
Social contract
An agreement between the people and government; if the government fails to meet the needs of the people, they can overthrow the government
Voltaire
Believes in freedom of expression. Influences monarchs like Catherine the Great of Russian to be an “Enlightened Despot” which is the incorporation of some reforms as long as they didn’t threaten the social order of their power
Mary Wollenstonecraft
One of the first Women to fight for women’s equality and rights
Democracy
People have say in the government
Absolute Monarchy
A king who has absolutely all the power, they typically abuse their power
3rd estate in France
The 3rd Estate in France had no say in government, no rights, they were oppressed and paid the taxes for ALL classes/estates including themselves in France
Causes of the French Revolution
France was in debt due to King Louis XIV’s poor spending habits, the 3rd estate were extremely poor and were forced to pay ALL the taxes, there was lack of freedom and rights
The 3 Estate System in France:
1st Estate: (Clergy-People of the Church)
2nd Estate: (Nobility-Land Owners)
3rd Estate: (Peasants, workers, bourgeoise)
National Assembly
Made up of the 3rd Estate when King Louis XVI locked them out of a meeting
Tennis Court Oath
Was a written set of laws
Storming of the Bastille
The 3rd Estate stormed h=the prison called the Bastille to steal weapons and commit their first violent act of the French Revolution
Declarations of the Rights of Man and Citizens
A written set of laws that gave equal rights to the people and fair taxation (this did not apply to women)
Declaration of the rights of women and citizen
Written by Olympe deGouge, declaration that Women would share the same rights as man
Reign of Terror
Robespierre became power hungry and cut off 100,000 French people’s head. Anyone who he thought wasn’t for the revolution or supported the Monarchy was killed by the Guillotine
Robespierre
leader of the committee of public safety which kicked King Louis XVI out of power because he was against the monarch
The directory in France
a representative government made up of 2 branches
Napoleon
Came to power in France by a Coup d’etat (overthrow of the current government), he made himself the emperor
Congress of Vienna
A meeting of European Countries after the French Revolution whose goal was to get a balance of power among the European Countries
Simon Bolivar
Won independence from the Spanish for several Latin American Countries
Haitian Revolution-Toussaint Louverture:
Led the only successful slave revolt in history and gained independence for Haiti
nationalism
love for one’s country or ethnicity
blood and iron
otto von bismarck united Germany using “blood and Iron” (Used war and industrialization to unify Germany)
Giuseppe Garibaldi
“the sword”, unified Italy through war
Camillo di Cavour
“the brains”, unintentionally unifies Italy
What did nationalism cause in Austria-Hungary?
it caused division due to national groups having a strong sense of pride which pulled the empire apart
What did nationalism cause in the Ottoman Empire?
it caused division in the empire due to national groups having a strong sense of pride which pulled the empire apart
The agrarian revolution
new farming methods, (seed drill, new vegetables, plow. etc…) led to a surplus of food and they needed less people to work on the farms
capitalism
economic system in business owns the means of production
adam smith
wrote the wealth of nations, which offered little government interactions/interference with business
Laissez-Faire
government does not interfere with business
socialism
an economic and political theory advocating collective ownership and democratic control of the means of production, aiming to achieve a more equitable distribution of wealth and resources
karl marx and fredrich engels
wrote the communist manifesto and believed in marxism, promoted a classless society and believed the government should own the means of production
communist manifesto
written by karl marx and friendrick engels, outlines the historical development of class struggles and advocates for the overthrow of capitalist society by proletarian revolution to establish a classless society
communism
government in which a small elite controls all economic and political life
impacts of the industrial revolution
child labor laws, reforms, capitalism, labour unions, leads to imperialism, irish potato famine
capitalism
private ownership of the means of production (democracy)
imperialism
the domination by one country of the political economic, and/or cultural life of another country or region
social dawnisim
“survival of the fittest”, european whites felt they were the strongest species that was more dominant and it was their job yo help the inferiror races (non-whites)
scramble for africa
european nations competed for control of africa
berlin conference
meeting held in Germany by Otto Von bismarck and it split up africa among the european powers
boer wars
british occupied south africa and the native people, called the boer;s were not happy. the boer’s went to war with Britain and Britian won. this setup segregation
sepoy rebellion/mutiny
a form of resistance in India, sepoys(Indian soldiers) rose up against the British because they felt their religious beliefs were being violated, the british crushed their rebellion.
spheres of influence
china isolated themself because they believed they were nire advanced than others. this had them fall behind and it made it easy for industrilized european nations to come and take what they wanted
opium wars
Great Britian vs. China, Britian was selling opium to China, againdt their will. Chinese officials aggresively enforced its laws against opium use and distribution, this got britian mad.
treaty of nanking
unfair treaty to end the opium wars. British had more access to points such as hong kong, chinese could not fight the British, chinese had to pay massive debts to Britian
commodore matthew perry
forced Japan to end their isolation, and open up their ports to the U.S.A. or they would attack
Meiji restoration
rapid industrilization took place in Japan under emperor Meiji to avoid being imperilizied
main causes of WW1
militarism- countries build up their armies, improve war technology.
alliances - secret alliances were being made.
nationalism- love for one;s country, can be unfying or divisive/seperating.
Imperliasm- when a stronger nation takes over a weaker nation for their resources and labor
what was the immediate cause/spark of WW1?
the assination of archduke franz ferdidnand who was in charge of austria was the immediate cause of WW1
central powers during WW1
Germany, Austria, Hungary, Ottoman Empire
allied powers during WW1
France, Great Britian, Japan, Italy (switched sides), Russia (will drop out), and later the U.S.A. will join
league of nations
world peacekeeping organization made up of many countries around the world
treaty of versailles
ended WW1, Germany took the blame and had to pay reparations and lost territories
bloody Sunday
Nicholas II of Russia feared an uprising and called in Soldiers who shot and killed many of the peaceful protests
Bolshevik Revolution
Revolt to overthrow the capitalist system in Russia, red guards joined by the army and navy led by Vladimir Lenin
Vladmir Lenin
Unites the people of Russia using the Slogan, “Peace, Land, and Bread.” peace meaning leaving WW1, land means land redistribution, bread means feed the starving people
Joseph Stalin
takes over the USSR after Lenin dies - power struggle between Stalin and Trotsky (exiled and later assinated)
5 year plan
Industrializes Russia and Communism was the goal, the quotas were not met
Ukranian Holodomor
“Death by Hunger:, Stalin cut rations of food given to the ukranian people because quotas for the crops were not met
the gulag
Brutal labor camps, Stalin sent any suspects of going against the government was sent to the Gulag
The great purge
Stalin’s own “Reign of Terror”, Stalin was afraid of losing power and killed over 4 million of his own people
facism
rule of a people by a dictatorial government that is nationalistic and imperialistic, started in Italy
Benito Mussolini
was the fascist leaders in Italy
Adolf Hitler
Was the fascist leader in Germany
causes of WW2
unresolved issues from the treaty of Versailles, the League of Nations was weak
rape of nanjing
Japanese militarists brutually took over the capital of China, Nanjing
Appeasement
nations gave in to aggressive demands to maintain peace
munich pact
Great Britian, France, and Germany sign an agreement that gave in to Hitler’s demands by having him sign a pact that he’ll never take lands again
how does WW2 start?
when Germany invades Poland on September 1st 1939
Potsdam Conference
An agreement between the allies to split up Germany
Glasnot
openers in USSR, freedom of aggression
Perestroika
Political and economic resorts in the USSR to jump start their economy
Tiananmen Square
the people of China; mostly students, were tired of their Communist government, and protest peacefully against Communism. They were killed by their own government
Nelson Mandela
leader of the ANC, non-violent protests
Kwame Nkrumha
promotes decolonization, terms orginaziation of African Unity. Protests for indepedence in Ghana
Jomo Kenyatta
helps Kenya gain their indepdence from Britian; violent rebellion
Pan Africanmism
Promoted nationalist movements in Africa
Ho Chi Min
Vietnamemese revutionary, communist (North Vietnam) Ngo Dioh Dien controls south vietnam and forms a democracy
Geneva Conference
ends vietnam war and divides vietnam between communist side and non-democractic side
Kemal Atuturk
united and helped turkey gain their indepdence
Sun yat sen
overthrow the Qing Dynasty
Mao Zedong
Chinese communist leader that formed and the chinese cultural revolution
The Great Leap Forward
industrial and agricultural reforms in China, famine, forced labor, deaths
Cultural Revolution
Chaotic time led by Mao Zedong where many people were persecuted, society was disrupted and the economy suffered
Deng Xiaoping
transformed China’s economy using the Four Modernizations but kept up with a more communist form of government that limited human rights
four modernizations
led by deng xiaoping - modernize farming, expand industry, promote science and technology and improve military
