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10th grade study > 1/7/24 EARTH SCIENCE UNIT 4 EXAM > Flashcards

1/7/24 EARTH SCIENCE UNIT 4 EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

Erosion

A

the movement of weathered material

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2
Q

what moves sediment the most?

A

running water moves sediment more than any other type of erosion

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3
Q

what happens when precipitation falls to Earth’s surface?

A

some evaporate, some infiltrate into the ground and becomes ground water, and some becomes runoff

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4
Q

accumulation

A

the process in which water pools into large bodies of water (like oceans, seas, and lakes)

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5
Q

condensation

A

the process in which water vapor (a gas) in the air turns into liquid water. Condensing water forms clouds in the sky. Water drops that form on the outside of a glass of icy water are condensed water

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6
Q

evaporation

A

the process in which liquid water becomes water vapor (a gas)

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7
Q

precipitation

A

the process in which water (in the form of rain, snow, sleet or hail) falls from clouds in the sky

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8
Q

surface runoff

A

rain, snowmelt, or other water that flows in surface streams, rivers, or canals

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9
Q

subsurface runoff

A

rain, snow, melt, or other water that flows in underground streams

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10
Q

transpiration

A

the process in which some water within plants evaporates into the atmosphere, water is first absorbed by the plant’s roots then later exits by evaporating through pores in the plant

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11
Q

what do ground conditions determine?

A

ground conditions determine whether precipitation becomes runoff or groundwater

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12
Q

ground conditions:

A

1) saturated vs. unsaturated 2) vegetated vs. non vegetated 3) gradient

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13
Q

what happens when runoff becomes confined to a channel?

A

when runoff becomes confined to a channel a stream exits

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14
Q

what are the factors that affect stream/river velocity?

A

1) gradient 2) stream discharge (the amount of water in the channel) 3) stream channel shape

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15
Q

What is gradient?

A

Gradient refers to the slope of the land

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16
Q

what happens when gradient increases?

A

when gradient increases, variety increases

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17
Q

what happens when discharge increases?

A

when discharge increases, velocity increases

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18
Q

Why is velocity the fastest in the middle of a straight channel?

A

Velocity is the fastest in the middle of a straight channel because the water is forced to slow down due to friction encountered all along the channel

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19
Q

Where is velocity fastest and slowest in a stream meander? and why?

A

In a stream meander, velocity is fastest on the outside bend and velocity is slowest along the inside bend. This is because water flows straight downhill until it hits something that forces it to change direction, this causes the fastest eater to impact the outside bend stronger

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20
Q

Where does erosion occur in a stream meander?

A

water moves faster along the outside bend of a meander, erosion will occur here

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21
Q

cutbanks

A

erosion on the outside bend of a meander causes it to cut away at the bank

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22
Q

meander

A

a bend in a river channel, formed when water in the river erodes the bank of the outside of the channel

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23
Q

where does deposition occur in a meander?

A

water moves slower along the inside bend of a meander, deposition will occur here because when water slows down it drops heavier sediment it no longer can carry. this is a point bar

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24
Q

where does erosion occur in a meander?

A

the outside bend of a meander is here more erosion occurs because faster velocity, this is a cutbank

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25
Q

point bar

A

where deposition of a meander occurs

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26
Q

abrasion

A

erosion along the bed of rivers/streams makes sediments constantly bump into/rub against each other, this makes the sediment round, this is called abrasion

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27
Q

what is the life cycle of a stream?

A

a youthful stream –> a mature stream –> an old age stream

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28
Q

characteristics of a youthful stream:

A

narrow v-shaped, downcutting, swift water, steep gradient, erosion is dominant

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29
Q

characteristics of a mature stream:

A

lateral erosion begins, meanders develop floodplains develop, gradient decreases

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30
Q

what is lateral erosion?

A

sideways erosion by a river or a stream

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31
Q

what is vertical erosion?

A

when the bed of a river or a stream erodes

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32
Q

characteristics of an old age stream:

A

wide meanders and oxbow lakes, wide floodplain, little downcutting, low velocity

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33
Q

what is an oxbow lake?

A

Oxbow lakes are the remains of the bend in the river. Oxbow lakes are stillwater lakes. This means that water does not flow into or out of them

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34
Q

floodplain

A

low-lying lands next to rivers and streams

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35
Q

watershed/drainage basin

A

a watershed or drainage basin is the area of land that feeds a stream and its tributaries

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36
Q

tributary

A

a stream feeding a larger stream or a lake

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37
Q

how much water is found below the earth’s surface?

A

20 times more of Earth’s water is found below the Earth’s surface

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38
Q

groundwater

A

freshwater below earth’s surface is called groundwater

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39
Q

porosity

A

the small holes that exist between grains in a rock or a sediment

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40
Q

permeable

A

a material with interconnecting holes so that water can move through it easily

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41
Q

impermeable

A

something that water cannot penetrate (pass through)

42
Q

saturated

A

full of liquid

43
Q

water table

A

top of underground of porous rock that is saturated with groundwater

44
Q

what does the water table not stay stable?

A

the water table is higher when there is a lot of rain and it is lower when the weather is dry. The water table fluctuates depending on how much water seeps down from the surface

45
Q

what happens when water that sinks into the ground hits an impermeable rock layer?

A

water stops moving downward when it reaches an impermeable rock layer

46
Q

aquifer

A

underground layer of porous rock or soil that is saturated with groundwater

47
Q

recharge

A

water that enters an aquifer

48
Q

how is an aquifer recharged?

A

rainfall seeping into the ground can recharge an aquifer

49
Q

what is the main reason humans use an aquifer?

A

for fresh water

50
Q

why is a good thing if an aquifer is close to the surface?

A

the aquifer could recharge quicker rather than an aquifer farther from the surface

51
Q

why is it a bad thing if an aquifer is close to the surface?

A

the aquifer is more likely to become polluted

52
Q

what could happen if humans pump too much water out of an aquifer?

A

the aquifer could take long to recharge and the water table could lower or cause the aquifer to run dry

53
Q

what is a spring?

A

a fountain of hot water and steam that erupts onto the surface due to underground heat and pressure, causes ground water to go onto the surface

54
Q

capillarity

A

the movement of water within the spaces of a porous material

55
Q

porous

A

Something that is porous has many small holes, so liquid or air can pass through

56
Q

adhesion

A

water is attracted to other substances

57
Q

cohesion

A

water is attracted to water

58
Q

surface tension

A

the property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of its molecules

59
Q

Why is capillarity so important to plants?

A

Capillary action is important for moving water around so the plants can receive the water that they need

60
Q

what is the relationship between particle size and porosity?

A

the size of the particles does not affect porosity as long as the factors remain the same, (shape, sorting, size, packing)

61
Q

what is the relationship between particle size and permeability?

A

as the particle size increases, permeability increases

62
Q

permeability

A

the rate at which water can flow through sediments in the ground

63
Q

porosity

A

the amount of space between soil particles

64
Q

capillarity

A

the rate at which water can rise through soil particles in the ground

65
Q

what is the relationship between particle size and capillarity?

A

as particle size increases, capillarity decreases

66
Q

mechanical/physical weathering

A

the weathering (breaking down) of a rock due to physical processes such as temperature change

67
Q

chemical weathering

A

the breaking down of a rock due to chemical reactions such as acid rain

68
Q

ice wedging

A

water seeps into cracks, freezes, expands, and wedges the rock apart (physical weathering)

69
Q

wind abrasion

A

collision of rocks with one another, scraping, grinding, and wearing away (physical weathering)

70
Q

carbonation of limestone

A

leads to rock weathering, forms sinkholes, caverns, and disappearing streams, (chemical weathering)

71
Q

root wedging

A

physical weathering, roots grow into rock gaps and breaks the rocks apart

72
Q

exfoliation

A

physical weathering, the peeling of a rock due to release of pressure experienced when the rock was formed

73
Q

erosion

A

the movement/transportation of weathered material

74
Q

glacier

A

a large mass of ice and snow that exists year-round and moves under the influence of gravity

75
Q

erratic

A

a large rock (boulder) that is a different rock type from the local bedrock… a glacier dropped it there

76
Q

unsorted material

A

different sized rocks all mixed together unsorted (till), caused by a glacier

77
Q

striations

A

chatter marks or parallel grooves in the bedrock. the scratches show the direction of ice movement caused by the abrasive action of cobbles and boulders trapped in the bottom of a glacier

78
Q

glacial polish

A

smooth polished bedrock surfaces

79
Q

how do glaciers form?

A

cold summers (the snow piles from the previous winter), may be at a high altitude or high latitude (above snow line or near-polar region)

80
Q

how is firn formed?

A

buried snow gets compacted to form firn and eventually becomes glacier ice

81
Q

firn

A

partially compacted snow that is in between the stage between snow and glacial ice

82
Q

what are the two types of glaciers

A

alpine/valley glaciers, and continental glaciers (aka ice sheets)

83
Q

valley glaciers

A

a glacier high in the mountains that fills in the valleys and flows downhill. the ice scrapes away at the sides of the mountain and sharpens the peaks

84
Q

cirques

A

valley glacier landscape, semi-circular basins (bowls) found at the top of the glacier valley

85
Q

arete

A

valley glacier landscape, a steep sharpened peak between parallel glacier valleys

86
Q

tarn

A

valley glacier landscape, a lake within a cirque

87
Q

horn

A

valley glacier landscape, a pyramid-shape sharp high peak formed where several glaciers begin

88
Q

hanging valley

A

valley glacier landscape, a vertical wall formed where a tributary glacier joined a larger glacier. this will often be the site of a waterfall

89
Q

u-shaped valley

A

valley glacier landscape, valley/alpine glaciers convert former v-shaped stream valleys into u-shaped valleys

90
Q

moraines

A

piles of till that are deposited directly by glacier ice, moraines are composed of mixed sizes of rock and the sediment is not layered

91
Q

till

A

sediment that is unsorted and unlayered

92
Q

calving

A

when ice sheets melt at their southern edge, big pieces of ice fall off into the ocean

93
Q

ice ages

A

cold periods on Earth

94
Q

when do ice sheets/continental glaciers advance or retreat?

A

ice sheets advance during ice ages and retreat during inter-glacial periods (like now)

95
Q

ice front

A

the front of the ice

96
Q

drumlin

A

a king inverted canoe-shaped hill of till usually found in groups, points in the direction of ice flow

97
Q

kettle lake

A

a lake formed by a buried block of curved ice that has melted and created a depression

98
Q

esker

A

a long strip of sediment that is deposited by the rivers of melt-water running out the ice front

99
Q

kame

A

a cone-shaped pile of sorted, stratified sediment deposited by rivers of meltwater running along the top of the glacier and plunging down the ice front onto the ground

100
Q

outwash plains

A

an erosional and depositional surface formed by meltwater coming from the glaciers

101
Q

terminal moraine

A

a long pile of till deposited at the farthest extent of the ice front

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