12/5 EARTH SCIENCE UNIT 3 EXAM

Question 1

Continental Drift Theory

Answer 1

The continents we know today drifted from one big supercontinent called pangea

Question 2

What is the evidence of Continental Drift?

Answer 2

1) the continents look like pieces of a puzzle
2)Fossils of animals were found on 5 separate continents along with plant fossils
3)There are glacial deposits of the same age on different continents
4) coal deposits were found in cold climates meaning there had to be plants which means Pangea had an equally warmer climate
5) Similar rock structures have been found on different continents
6)Magnetic polarity evidence, Magnetite crystals of different ages on different continents point to all different directions which means the continents have moved.

Question 3

what is the elastic rebound theory?

Answer 3

the theory that explains how energy is stored in rocks

Question 4

focus

Answer 4

the point within Earth where faulting starts, where rocks actually break deep in Earth also known as the hypocenter

Question 5

epicenter

Answer 5

the point directly above the focus on Earth’s surface

Question 6

fault

Answer 6

a rock fracture zone with displacement on one side

Question 7

seismograph

Answer 7

An instrument that records and measures details of earthquakes, seismographs record the energy waves by earthquake events

Question 8

where does an earthquake occur

Answer 8

the epicenter

Question 9

seismogram

Answer 9

a record that is produced by a seismograph

Question 10

what is the pacific ring of fire

Answer 10

where most (80%) of earthquakes occur because there is a lot of plate movement there

Question 11

what are the 4 societal and economic impacts caused by earthquakes

Answer 11

building collapses, fire, tsunami, & ground failure

Question 12

what are earthquakes measured by

Answer 12

intensity and magnitude

Question 13

what are surface waves

Answer 13

waves generated by an earthquake and travels along the surface of the earth, known as R and L waves

Question 14

what are body waves

Answer 14

waves generated by earthquakes and travels within the interior of the earth, known as P and S waves

Question 15

what can s waves not travel through

Answer 15

liquids

Question 16

mercalli sacale

Answer 16

measures the kind of damage the earthquake has done

Question 17

richter scale

Answer 17

measures the total amount of energy released by the Earthquake

Question 18

fracking

Answer 18

when people break rocks for extracting oil, natural gas, water, etc, the rocks move which can cause tectonic plates to shift causing a small earthquake

Question 19

tsunami

Answer 19

formed by an earthquake below or near the ocean floor can cause a tsunami

Question 20

theory of plate tectonics

Answer 20

the uppermost mantle along with the crust are a strong layer which more over the material of the asthenosphere

Question 21

divergent plate boundary

Answer 21

the place where two plates move apart

Question 22

convergent plate boundary

Answer 22

where two plates move together

Question 23

transform plate boundary

Answer 23

where two plates grind past each other without the destruction of the lithosphere

Question 24

margin

Answer 24

the edge of a continent

Question 25

active margin

Answer 25

there is a plate boundary, continent to sea with plate boundary

Question 26

passive margin

Answer 26

there is no plate boundary, continent to sea with no plate boundary

Question 27

what are some passive margin features?

Answer 27

coast (edge of continent), continental shelf (wide shallow extension of continent), continental slope (steepest gradient drop toward the ocean floor, continental rise (collection of sediment found between the continental slope and the abyssal plain)

Question 28

abyssal plain

Answer 28

deep ocean floor, flattest places on Earth

Question 29

how do ocean trenches form?

Answer 29

created at subduction boundaries by the bending down of the subducting plate and warping off of the crust

Question 30

what is the cause of plate tectonics?

Answer 30

the movement of the Earth’s lithospheric plates, caused by continental drift, seafloor spreading, and mountain formation.

Question 31

mantle convection

Answer 31

masses of hotter than normal mantle material which ascend toward the surface, the unequal distribution of heat causes thermal convection in the mantle; this leads to plate movement

Question 32

Harry hes

Answer 32

a geologist who conducted sonar seafloor mapping during ww2, discovered seafloor spreading

Question 33

seafloor spreading

Answer 33

Harry Hes’s discovery, the new crust is generated as magma flows up into the mid-ocean ridges, this pushes the crust apart at the ridge

Question 34

sonar

Answer 34

a device that bounces sound waves off underwater objects and then record the echoes of these sound waves

Question 35

what is the mid Atlantic ridge

Answer 35

the longest chains of moutains in the world

Question 36

what is the evidence for the theory of seafloor spreading?

Answer 36

The discovery of alternating bands of magnetic polarity in rocks on either side of mid-ocean ridges (the diverging of the seafloor) , rock core samples; rocks from the ocean floor show that older rocks are further from the ridge which proves that seafloor spreading is real. and more obviously

Question 37

Iceland is important to seafloor spreading because ?

Answer 37

Iceland is important to seafloor spreading because it sits directly on top of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a major tectonic boundary where new oceanic crust is formed.