rocks and minerals quiz Flashcards
mineral
artificially occurring substance formed in the earth
descriptions of minerals
in organic, solid substance, definite chemical composition
crystallization
formed
from magma where minerals form as magma cools
precipitation
formed
when the water evaporates some of these substances can react forming minerals and changes in temperature
pressure and temperature
formed
added pressure can cause minerals to re-crystallize while still solid
hydrothermal solutions
formed
very hot mixture of water and dissolved substances
when these solutions come in contact with the existing minerals, chemical reactions take place
minerals are based on
composition
how many major groups are there
based on competition
6
silicates
all silicates consist of a silicon – oxygen tetrahedron – one silicon Atoms and 4 oxygen atoms
SiO2
carbonates
contain carbon, oxygen, and one or more other metallic elements
oxides
contain oxygen and one or more other elements that are usually metals – form when existing minerals change in temperature and pressure
sulfates and sulfides
contain the element sulfur inform when mineral rich waters evaporate
halides
contain a halogen ion plus one or more other elements – forms when salt water evaporates
native elements
exist in a pure form such as gold silver and carbon
properties of minerals
Color, Luster, Crystal shape, streak test, cleavage, fracture, hardness
Color
most easily observed property but it’s the least useful because different minerals have the same color or one mineral can have different colors
luster
where mineral shines in reflected light
Crystal shape
The shape of the Crystal results from the way Atoms of a mineral come together as the mineral forms
streak test
Color of minerals powder form it can be metallic which is dark or nonmetallic which is light
cleavage
The splitting of a mineral a long certain flat surfaces such as a plane
fracture
The way a mineral tends to break – uneven
hardness
resistance to being scratched, MOH hardness scale
MOH hardness scale
identify numerically by standard minerals, from one which is the softest to 10 which is the hardest
talc is 1
diamond is 10
how many cycles of rocks are there on earth
3 - grouped based on the way they formed
Rock
A consolidated mixture of minerals
igneous rock
form from magma/lava that cools and hardens – fireformed
intrusive igneous rock
from within earth, cool slowly, large crystals
extrusive igneous rock
form on earth surface, cool quickly, smaller
rocks can be made from the same blank but very in their blank due to blank
minerals
textures
how they were formed
sedimentary rocks
form from the compaction and cementation of various sediments
form layers
75% of the earths surface is sedimentary rock
how are sedimentary rocks made
mud, sand, gravel, and shells are sediments that make up rocks – sediments are moved by wind and water – compaction which is pressure placed in sediment layers cause them to change to rocks – cementation which is sediments are joined together or cemented by minerals dissolved in water – this process results in the formation of layers called strata
how many types of sedimentary rocks / strata are there
3
clastic. sedimentary rock
formed by broken pieces or fragments of rock cemented together
example is sandstone/mud rock
Chemical. sedimentary rock
formed by chemical reactions and can occur thru evaporation and precipitation of minerals
organic. sedimentary rock
form from material that used to be living
metamorphic rocks
rocks that have undergone a change due to tremendous heat, pressure, or chemical reaction’s
foliated texture
metamorphic
mineral crystals arranged in parallel layers or bands – flatten under pressure
unfoliated texture
does not show banding/ layering
Energy that drives the rock cycle
igneous and metamorphic
process is driven by heat from the earth interior are responsible for forming both igneous rock and metamorphic rock
Energy that drives the rock cycle
whethered materials
weathering and the movement of weathered materials are external process powered by energy from the sun
Energy that drives the rock cycle
sedimentary rocks
external processes/mechanical energy produce sedimentary rocks
