earthquake volcano test

Question 1

Earthquakes

Answer 1

shaking and trembling that results from sudden movement of part of the earths crust

– caused by the release of energy

Question 2

causes of earthquakes

Answer 2

ground shakes from errupting volcano, collapse of a cavern, impact of a meteorite

Question 3

major cause of an earthquake

Answer 3

stress that builds up and causes faulting

Question 4

elastic rebound theory

Answer 4

rocks that are strained past a certain point will fracture and not spring back to their original shape

–produces most of our earthquakes

Question 5

Focus

Answer 5

point Beneath the earth surface where the rocks breaker move apart

Question 6

epicenter

Answer 6

Point on earth surface directly above the focus

–site of most violent shaking that can move in any direction

Question 7

foreshocks

Answer 7

occur days or even years before an earthquake

Question 8

aftershocks

Answer 8

continue for years after the main earthquake

Question 9

surface waves

Answer 9

Along surface of Earth

Question 10

body waves

Answer 10

move through interior

Question 11

types of seismic body waves

Answer 11

P waves and S waves

Question 12

P waves

Answer 12

primary – move the fastest – back-and-forth waves – push and pull waves – move through solid liquid or gas

Question 13

S waves

Answer 13

secondary – travel slower – move up and down – travel through solids only

Question 14

seismograph

Answer 14

instrument used to detect and measure seismic waves

Question 15

seismogram

Answer 15

seismographs record of waves and has wavy lines recorded on a paper

– called a trace (image produced)

Question 16

earthquake distance

Answer 16

The epicenter is located using the difference in the arrival times between P and S wave recordings which are related to distance

Question 17

magnitude

Answer 17

amount of energy released at the earthquakes epicenter

Question 18

Richter scale

Answer 18

measures how much energy on earth releases by assigning a number from 1 to 10

Question 19

intensity

Answer 19

effect of an earthquake on the earth surface

–the amount of shaking produced

Question 20

mercalli scale

Answer 20

measures the effect of an earthquake – scale based on how the effects of an earthquake or felt

Question 21

earthquake. direction

Answer 21

need distance from three different stations in order to determine location

Question 22

Pacific ring of fire

Answer 22

major earthquake zone that forms a ring around the Pacific ocean

Question 23

liquefaction

Answer 23

conversion of soil into a fluid like mass during an earthquake or seismic event

Question 24

tsunami

Answer 24

extremely large ocean wave caused by an earthquake on or near the ocean floor

Question 25

successful earthquake prediction must correctly forecast

Answer 25

where will occur, when it will occur, and what magnitude it will be

Question 26

possible methods for prediction of earthquakes

Answer 26

Micro quakes, behavior of animals, detect a slight tilting of ground before an earthquake, natural gas seepage

Question 27

volcanism

Answer 27

any activity that includes the movement of magma toward the surface of the earth

Question 28

volcano

Answer 28

place where magma reaches the surface

Question 29

magma

Answer 29

liquid molten rock underground --magmas with more gases have more explosive eruptions

Question 30

lava

Answer 30

magma that reaches the surface

Question 31

what does magma contain

Answer 31

dissolved gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, sulfur

Question 32

viscosity

Answer 32

substances resistance to flow --related to silica content, high silica means more viscous, as temperature increases viscosity decreases

Question 33

vent

Answer 33

opening from which lava flows

Question 34

crater

Answer 34

funnel shaped pit or depression at top of volcano

Question 35

caldera

Answer 35

craters who's walls have collapsed

Question 36

pipe

Answer 36

conduit between magma chamber underground and surface

Question 37

mid ocean ridge

Answer 37

lava flows out smoothly and fluidly from cracks

Question 38

subduction zone

Answer 38

usually explosive

Question 39

hotspots

Answer 39

areas of volcanic activity in the middle of a lithospheric plate

Question 40

where are most active volcanoes found

Answer 40

The ring of fire --plate boundaries in the Pacific ocean

Question 41

how are volcanic eruptions measured

Answer 41

volcanic explosivity Index (VEI) --scale value based on cloud high and amount of material ejected during eruption

Question 42

Felsic

Answer 42

much silica, light colored, slow moving(continental crust)

Question 43

mafic

Answer 43

Low silica, dark colored, fast moving (oceanic crust)

Question 44

basaltic lava

Answer 44

comes from Mafic magma

Question 45

types of basaltic lava

Answer 45

Aa lava | Pahoehoe

Question 46

Aa lava

Answer 46

forms when lava flows rapidly, rough, jagged blocks with spiny projections

Question 47

pahoehoe lava

Answer 47

forms when lava flow slowly

Question 48

pillow lava

Answer 48

created under water, slow moving so outside cools while inside is Molten

Question 49

tephra

Answer 49

solid fragment ejected from a volcano that are sometimes called pyroclastic material

Question 50

ash

Answer 50

<2mm | tephra

Question 51

lapilli

Answer 51

2<64mm | tephra

Question 52

bombs

Answer 52

>64mm --aerodynamic in shape (tephra)

Question 53

blocks

Answer 53

>64mm --angular, blocky (tephra)

Question 54

shield volcano

Answer 54

composed of quiet lava flows, form gently sloping dome shaped mountain, basaltic(mafic) magma

Question 55

Cindercone volcano

Answer 55

made mostly of tephra, formed from explosive eruptions, not very high, narrow base, steep sides

Question 56

composite volcano

Answer 56

alternating layers of expelled rock and lava, violent, explosive eruptions at first with tephra, then quiet with lava, forms large cone shape mountains EX MT FUGI

Question 57

volcanic hazards

Answer 57

ash in the atmosphere, lahars, volcanic gases

Question 58

ashen the atmosphere

Answer 58

can disrupt air travel and in severe instances affect climate

Question 59

lahars

Answer 59

mudflows made up of volcanic debris, they flow like liquids and have a consistency similar to wet concrete, travel at speeds of over 50 mph

Question 60

volcanic gases

Answer 60

most of the gas released in an irruption is harmless water vapor but volcanoes also produce carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, fluorine gas