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Prefix words > earthquake volcano test > Flashcards

earthquake volcano test Flashcards

1
Q

Earthquakes

A

shaking and trembling that results from sudden movement of part of the earths crust

– caused by the release of energy

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2
Q

causes of earthquakes

A

ground shakes from errupting volcano, collapse of a cavern, impact of a meteorite

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3
Q

major cause of an earthquake

A

stress that builds up and causes faulting

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4
Q

elastic rebound theory

A

rocks that are strained past a certain point will fracture and not spring back to their original shape

–produces most of our earthquakes

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5
Q

Focus

A

point Beneath the earth surface where the rocks breaker move apart

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6
Q

epicenter

A

Point on earth surface directly above the focus

–site of most violent shaking that can move in any direction

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7
Q

foreshocks

A

occur days or even years before an earthquake

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8
Q

aftershocks

A

continue for years after the main earthquake

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9
Q

surface waves

A

Along surface of Earth

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10
Q

body waves

A

move through interior

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11
Q

types of seismic body waves

A

P waves and S waves

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12
Q

P waves

A

primary – move the fastest – back-and-forth waves – push and pull waves – move through solid liquid or gas

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13
Q

S waves

A

secondary – travel slower – move up and down – travel through solids only

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14
Q

seismograph

A

instrument used to detect and measure seismic waves

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15
Q

seismogram

A

seismographs record of waves and has wavy lines recorded on a paper

– called a trace (image produced)

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16
Q

earthquake distance

A

The epicenter is located using the difference in the arrival times between P and S wave recordings which are related to distance

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17
Q

magnitude

A

amount of energy released at the earthquakes epicenter

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18
Q

Richter scale

A

measures how much energy on earth releases by assigning a number from 1 to 10

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19
Q

intensity

A

effect of an earthquake on the earth surface

–the amount of shaking produced

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20
Q

mercalli scale

A

measures the effect of an earthquake – scale based on how the effects of an earthquake or felt

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21
Q

earthquake. direction

A

need distance from three different stations in order to determine location

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22
Q

Pacific ring of fire

A

major earthquake zone that forms a ring around the Pacific ocean

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23
Q

liquefaction

A

conversion of soil into a fluid like mass during an earthquake or seismic event

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24
Q

tsunami

A

extremely large ocean wave caused by an earthquake on or near the ocean floor

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25
Q

successful earthquake prediction must correctly forecast

A

where will occur, when it will occur, and what magnitude it will be

26
Q

possible methods for prediction of earthquakes

A

Micro quakes, behavior of animals, detect a slight tilting of ground before an earthquake, natural gas seepage

27
Q

volcanism

A

any activity that includes the movement of magma toward the surface of the earth

28
Q

volcano

A

place where magma reaches the surface

29
Q

magma

A

liquid molten rock underground

–magmas with more gases have more explosive eruptions

30
Q

lava

A

magma that reaches the surface

31
Q

what does magma contain

A

dissolved gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, sulfur

32
Q

viscosity

A

substances resistance to flow

–related to silica content, high silica means more viscous, as temperature increases viscosity decreases

33
Q

vent

A

opening from which lava flows

34
Q

crater

A

funnel shaped pit or depression at top of volcano

35
Q

caldera

A

craters who’s walls have collapsed

36
Q

pipe

A

conduit between magma chamber underground and surface

37
Q

mid ocean ridge

A

lava flows out smoothly and fluidly from cracks

38
Q

subduction zone

A

usually explosive

39
Q

hotspots

A

areas of volcanic activity in the middle of a lithospheric plate

40
Q

where are most active volcanoes found

A

The ring of fire

–plate boundaries in the Pacific ocean

41
Q

how are volcanic eruptions measured

A

volcanic explosivity Index (VEI)

–scale value based on cloud high and amount of material ejected during eruption

42
Q

Felsic

A

much silica, light colored, slow moving(continental crust)

43
Q

mafic

A

Low silica, dark colored, fast moving (oceanic crust)

44
Q

basaltic lava

A

comes from Mafic magma

45
Q

types of basaltic lava

A

Aa lava

Pahoehoe

46
Q

Aa lava

A

forms when lava flows rapidly, rough, jagged blocks with spiny projections

47
Q

pahoehoe lava

A

forms when lava flow slowly

48
Q

pillow lava

A

created under water, slow moving so outside cools while inside is Molten

49
Q

tephra

A

solid fragment ejected from a volcano that are sometimes called pyroclastic material

50
Q

ash

A

<2mm

tephra

51
Q

lapilli

A

2<64mm

tephra

52
Q

bombs

A

> 64mm
–aerodynamic in shape

(tephra)

53
Q

blocks

A

> 64mm
–angular, blocky

(tephra)

54
Q

shield volcano

A

composed of quiet lava flows, form gently sloping dome shaped mountain, basaltic(mafic) magma

55
Q

Cindercone volcano

A

made mostly of tephra, formed from explosive eruptions, not very high, narrow base, steep sides

56
Q

composite volcano

A

alternating layers of expelled rock and lava, violent, explosive eruptions at first with tephra, then quiet with lava, forms large cone shape mountains

EX MT FUGI

57
Q

volcanic hazards

A

ash in the atmosphere, lahars, volcanic gases

58
Q

ashen the atmosphere

A

can disrupt air travel and in severe instances affect climate

59
Q

lahars

A

mudflows made up of volcanic debris, they flow like liquids and have a consistency similar to wet concrete, travel at speeds of over 50 mph

60
Q

volcanic gases

A

most of the gas released in an irruption is harmless water vapor but volcanoes also produce carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, fluorine gas

Prefix words (13 decks)

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