Robbins chapter 1

Question 1

T/F Failure to stain is due to enzyme loss after cell death

Question 2

Describe pure hypertrophy

Answer 2

there are no new cells, just bigger cells containing increased amounts of structral proteins and organelles

Question 3

What is an adaptive response in cells capable of replication?

Answer 3

hyperplasia

Question 4

What occurs when cells have a limited capacity to divide?

Answer 4

hypertorphy

Question 5

T/F hypertrophy and hyperplasia can occur together

Answer 5

true

Question 6

T/F Hypertrophy can be physiologic or pathologic

Question 7

What can be caused either by increased functional demand or by growth factor or hormonal stimulation?

Answer 7

hypertrophy

Question 8

Massive physiologic enlargement of uterus during pregnancy occurs as a consequence of what?

Answer 8

• estrogen-stimulated smooth muscle hypertrophy
• smooth muscle hyperplasia

Question 9

In response to increased demand, the striated muscle cells in both skeletal muscle and heart can undergo what?

Answer 9

only hypertrophy bc adult muscle cells have a limited capacity to divide

Question 10

What type of disease is the cardiac enlargement that occurs with hypertension or aortic valve disease?

Answer 10

pathologic cellular hypertrophy

Question 11

The mechanisms driving cardiac hypertrophy involve at least 2 types of signals. What are they? Describe the result of these signals

Answer 11

• mechanical triggers
• trophic triggers

Result:

• synthesis of more proteins and myofilaments/cell => increases force generated with each contraction to meet work demands
• switch of contractile proteins from adult to fetal/neonate forms

Question 12

T/F hyperplasia can be physiologic or pathologic

Question 13

What is the result of hyperplasia?

Answer 13

cellular proliferation is stimulated by growth factors that are produced by a variety of cell types

Question 14

What are the 2 types of phyiologic hyperplasia?

Answer 14

• hormonal hyperplasia
• compensatory hyperplasia

Question 15

Most forms of pathologic hyperplasia are caused by what?

Answer 15

excessive hormonal or growth factor stimulation

Question 16

What is the common cause of abnormal menstral bleeding?

Answer 16

disturbed balance between estrogen and progesterone causing endometrial hyperplasia

Question 17

What is an important response of connective tissue cell in wound healing? How?

Answer 17

hyperplasia

proliferating fibroblasts and blood vessels aid in repair

Question 18

What is the mechanism of atrophy?

Answer 18

The mechanism of atrophy consist of a combination of decreased protein synthesis and increased protein degradation in cells

Question 19

What is autophagy?

Answer 19

Autophagy is the process in which the starved cell eats its own components in an attempt to survive.

Question 20

What is metaplasia?

Answer 20

The change in phenotype of differentiated cells, often in response to chronic irritation, makes cells better able to withstand the stress. Usually produced by an alteration of the differentiation pathway of tissue stem cells. May result in reduced functions or increased propensity for malignant transformation.