Cells of Repair and Inflammation (Kyle)

Question 1

What is the main fiber of the extracellular matrix?

Answer 1

Collagen

Question 2

What type of cell is a key player in tissue repair?

Answer 2

Fibroblast

Question 3

What is a fibroblast? No not restate the question you just answered

Answer 3

A fibrobast is a ubiquitous long lived cell that produces the interstitial ground substance of supporting tissues throughout the body

Question 4

Can fibroblasts differentiate into different types of cells, if so what would they be?

Answer 4

Osteocytes, Chondrocytes, adipocytes.

Question 5

Can fibroblasts differntiate into epithelial cells?

Answer 5

NO

Question 6

What is the function of the fibrous tissue they produce?

Answer 6

Form a scar

Question 7

What happens to a wound during the process of healing?

Answer 7

It contracts

Question 8

What are contractile proteins that fibroblasts contain?

Answer 8

Myofibroblasts

Question 9

Do scars retain the specialized function of the tissues that they replace?

Answer 9

No

Question 10

What is an inactive fibroblast called?

Answer 10

A Fibrocyte

Question 11

What is a neutrophil?

Answer 11

Neutrophils are also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes. They are the first responder phagocytes

Question 12

What is the predominant white clood cell type in acute inflammation?

Answer 12

Neutrophils

Question 13

What is acute inflammation ?

Answer 13

Neutrophilic inflammation

Question 14

In addition to responding to inflamation what else do neurophils respond to?

Answer 14

Necrosis

Question 15

Can neutrophils be part of chronic inflammation?

Answer 15

Yes, because they respond to necrosis.

Question 16

What is acute on chronic inflammation?

Answer 16

Also called sportive inflammation

Question 17

Are neurophils leukocytes or granulocytes?

Answer 17

Neutrophils are among the types of leukocytes with granules (Granulocytes)

Question 18

What type of granules do neutrophils contain ?

Answer 18

Neutral ones.

Question 19

Describe a hyper-segmented nucleus

Answer 19

A nucleus that is segmented into 6 or more lobes are hyper-segmented.

Question 20

What type of cells are associated with megaloblastic anemia and what causes this?

Answer 20

Hypersegmented neutrophils are associated with megaloblastic anemia and it is caused by vitamin B12 or folate deficiency.

Question 21

What are immature or adolescent neutrophils?

Answer 21

Bands

Question 22

Are bands capable of phagocytosis?

Answer 22

Yes

Question 23

What is a situation where bands can be released into the cytoplasm?

Answer 23

When a person has a severe infection the bone marrow will release bands into the blood in increasing numbers.

Question 24

What is this phenomena called?

Answer 24

Bandemia

Question 25

What is the term describing the increased number of immature leukocytes in the blood?

Answer 25

Left Shift

Question 26

Do corticosteroids cause left shift or bandemia?

Answer 26

No

Question 27

What is the condition when neutrophils are above their normal limit?

Answer 27

Neutrophilia

Question 28

An abnormal increase in the number of neutrophils is indicative of what (even if the white count is normal) ?

Answer 28

An infection

Question 29

What type of cell is the first responder phagocyte and is crucial in the rapid innate immune system response to acute infection?

Answer 29

Neutrophils

Question 30

Describe the progression of a neutrophil nucleus to become a band cell

Answer 30

The eraliest bone marrow precursor cells of granulocytes, and in general neutrophils, hae a round oval nuclei. As they mature the nuclei flattens and develops an indention. This indentation becomes deeper until portions of the nucleus on each side become segmented.

Question 31

Describe the size of bands.

Answer 31

They are about the same size as a mature neutrophil.

Question 32

What is a problem in determining the number of neutrophils in the blood.

Answer 32

They are impossible to count by machine and you must count them by hand.

Question 33

What type of cells are derived from monocytes?

Answer 33

Macrophages.

Question 34

What cells make up the mononuclear phagocyte system ?

Answer 34

Monocytes and macrophages.

Question 35

Who shows up at the site of infalmmation first, macrophages or neutrophils?

Answer 35

neutrophils

Question 36

What are the two main functions of macrophages?

Answer 36

They gobble up invading bacteria and fungi, macrophages (activated by pathogens) also secrete cytokines that activate other cells of inflammation.

Question 37

What do M1 macrophages do ?

Answer 37

They gobble up cellular debris and secrete cytokines to activate other immune responses.

Question 38

What does an M2 macrophage do ?

Answer 38

M2 macrophages secrete transforming growth factor beta and other growth factors that stimulate tissue repair and fibrosis.

Question 39

Are M1 macrophages pro-inflammitory or anti-inflammatory ?

Answer 39

M1 macrophages are PRO-Inflammatory

Question 40

Are M2 macrophages Pro-inflammatory or Anti-inflammatory ?

Answer 40

M2 macrophages are Anti-Inflammatory

Question 41

In repair from necrosis what is a crude analogy of the function of a macrophage?

Answer 41

They are the garbage collectors

Question 42

What are lymphocytes?

Answer 42

The fundamental cellular players in the adaptive immune system.

Question 43

What are the two types of lymphocytes, (broad category and include general function)

Answer 43

B Lymphocytes- humeral immunity T-Lymphocytes- Cell mediated immunity

Question 44

What is the distribution of B cells to T cells in the blood?

Answer 44

60-70% are T cells and 10-20 % are B cells

Question 45

What are CD8+ cells

Answer 45

Killas

Question 46

What are CD4+ cells

Answer 46

Memory cells

Question 47

What is lymphocytic inflammation due to ?

Answer 47

Infection or autoimmune disease

Question 48

What type of cells are normally found in CSF?

Answer 48

The CSF in a classic case contains exclusively mononuclear cells. Predominately lymphocytes and no neutrophils.

Question 49

What does it mean when there are neutrophils in the CSF?

Answer 49

That there could potentially be the early aseptic meningitis.

Question 50

What will a CSF sample from a patient with bacterial meningitis show?

Answer 50

Greatly increased level of neutrophils.

Question 51

Where do plasma cells come from and what do they do?

Answer 51

Plasma cells come from activated B cells and they secrete antibodies.

Question 52

What does the plasma cell nucleus look like?

Answer 52

A clock face.

Question 53

Are plasma cells found in a patient who is healthy?

Answer 53

Plasma cells are not normally present in peripheral blood.

Question 54

What is an eosinophil?

Answer 54

Eosinophis are granuloctic leikocytes characteristically found in the inflammation around parasitic infestations and in allergic reactions. Especially asthma.

Question 55

What type of immunoglobin regulates eosinophils?

Answer 55

IgE

Question 56

If you see a patient with peripheral blood eosinophilia what should you do?

Answer 56

Immediately search for an allergen or a parasite.

Question 57

What do mast cells do.

Answer 57

Mast cells are granulocytes that participate in acute and chronic inflammation.

Question 58

What are their counterparts?

Answer 58

Basophils

Question 59

What types of cytoplasmic granules are present in mast cells?

Answer 59

``` Histamine Chemotactic factors that activate -neutrophils -eosinophils -Leukotrienes -proteases -platelet activating factor Cytokines ```

Question 60

What type of surface receptors do mast cells and basophils have?

Answer 60

IgE, and when stimulated they degranulate and release all the above mentioned chemicals.

Question 61

What does histamine do?

Answer 61

Causes vasodilatation and endothelial cell contraction mediating the vascular changes in inflammation.

Question 62

If mast cells release histamine throughout the body what happens?

Answer 62

anaphylactic shock

Question 63

What is a granuloma ?

Answer 63

2 or more activated macrophages working together.

Question 64

What is a multinucleated giant cell?

Answer 64

Syncytium of macrophages that are found at the site of chronic inflammation.

Question 65

When do multi nucleated giant cells form?

Answer 65

When single macrophage finds itself unable to engulf and phagocytose a large particle.

Question 66

What are the two most common types of multi-nucleated giant cells?

Answer 66

Foreign Body Type and Langhans Type

Question 67

What is a Langhans type?

Answer 67

Associated with immune granulomas

Question 68

What is a foreign body type?

Answer 68

It is when a single macrophage finds itself unable to engulf and phagocytose a large particle so it calls in its boys to help out.

Question 69

When does an immune type granuloma form?

Answer 69

In the presence of a persistent antigen induced immune reaction

Question 70

When do multinucleated giant cells form that are not macrophage syncytia occurs?

Answer 70

Multiple types of malignant tumors and in normal placenta.

Question 71

What is it called when two or more activated macrophages gather together in the name of chronic inflammation?

Answer 71

Granuloma