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Pathology block 1 > Cell injury > Flashcards

Cell injury Flashcards

1
Q

What is the study of disease in individual cells?

A

cytopathology

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2
Q

What discovered the fact that cells come from cells?

A

Rudolph Virchow - father of cellular path

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3
Q

What is the inability to adapt lead to?

A

cell injury or cell death

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4
Q

What are the causes of cell injury?

A
  • oxygen deprivation
  • physical agents/trauma
  • chemical agents and drugs
  • infectious agents
  • immunologic reactions
  • genetic derangements
  • nutritional imbalances
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5
Q

T/F each cell responds to cell injury equally due to the same DNA

A

false, each cell is different

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6
Q

Is it very apparent grossly that cell death has occured?

A

No, often it is not even microscopically seen

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7
Q

What are the types of cellular adaptation to injury?

A
  • atrophy
  • hypertrophy
  • hyperplasia
  • metaplasia
  • dysplasia
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8
Q

What is a decrease in the size and function of a cell or organ?

A

atrophy

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9
Q

What causes atrophy?

A
  • decreased workload
  • loss of innervation
  • diminished blood supply
  • inadequate nutrition
  • loss of endocrine stimulation (breasts/testes)
  • aging (senile atrophy) => usually from diminished blood supply
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10
Q

In the brain, describe atrophy

A

sulci get larger while the gyri (substance of the brain) has atrophied so spaces get larger

laterally, the size has decreased

often seen in alzeimer’s disease

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11
Q

What is the increase in the size of a cell caused by an augmented functional demand or specific stimulation?

A

hypertrophy

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12
Q

What 2 mechanisms of disease can hypertrophy be caused from?

A
  1. physiologic-ex: massive growth in size of uterine wall due to hormones
  2. pathologic- ex: increased thickness of left ventricular wall due to systemic hypertension
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13
Q

What is the increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue?

A

hyperplasia

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14
Q

What 2 mechanisms of disease can hyperplasia occur?

A
  1. physiologic- ex: increased # of lactational units in breast during pregnancy/lactation
  2. pathologic- ex: hyperplasia endometrial lining seen as precursor to endometrial carcinoma
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15
Q

How can you determine if an organ is undergoing hypertrophy or hyperplasia?

A

Under the microscope, the cells of a hypertrophic organ will just be larger with more space bw the cells

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16
Q

In bengin prostatic hyperplasia, where is it likely to occur? what is the result?

A

occurs around the central urethra

results in frequent urine flow and increases the number of glands in the prostate

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17
Q

What is the state of a cell nucleus containing 3 or more haploid chromosomal sets?

A

polyploidy

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18
Q

If polyploidy of cells occur naturally in what?

A

megakaryocytes

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19
Q

When does polyploidy of cells result from cellular adaptation?

A

hyperplasia

hypertrophy

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20
Q

Polyploidy of cells in an unrestricted cell growth is termed what?

A

malignancy

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21
Q

T/F polyploidy always indicates unrestricted cell growth

A

false, it is occasionally

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22
Q

T/F platelets are a result of polyploidy

A

true, derived from megakaryocytes

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23
Q

What is the conversion of one differentiated cell type to another differentiated cell type? What types of cells can they occur in?

A

metaplasia

epithelial metaplasia or mesenchymal metaplasia

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24
Q

T/F endoderm, via metaplasia, can form ectoderm cell lines

A

false, there is no proven route of metaplasia across germ layers

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25
Q

What type of metaplasia commonly occurs as a precursor to dysplasia or neoplasia?

A

epithelial metaplasia

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26
Q

T/F mesenchymal metaplasia is rarely if ever preneoplastic

A

true

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27
Q

Effects of smoking of the pseudocolumnar ciliated respiratory epithelium may induce what?

A

epithelial metaplasia to squamous type

(pseudocolumnar to squamous)

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28
Q

The effects of certain serotypes of HPV on the cervial epithelium may induce transformation of what types of epithelium?

Where does this usually occur first?

A

columnar epithelium (endocervix) to squamous epithelium

epithelial metaplasia

occurs first on the basement membrane in the reserve cells

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29
Q

What causes the effects of gastric acid reflux on squamous epithelium of the esophagus to what type of cell?

A

squamous to columnar epithelium via epithelial metaplasia

30
Q

What is the alteration of size, shape and organization of the cellular components of a tissue?

A

dysplasia

31
Q

What 4 characteristcs are genreal of dysplasia?

A
  1. abnormalities in size and shape of cells
  2. enlargement, irregularity, hyperchromasia of the nuclei
  3. disorderly arrangement of cells w/in epithelium
  4. generally, a preneoplastic condition
32
Q

What is the order of dysfunction bw the -plasia?

A

metaplasia < dysplasia < neoplasia

33
Q

What are the pigments? Name specific examples of these

A
  1. Brown=> iron cmpds, lipofuchsin, melanin
  2. black => carbon
34
Q

Accumulations of what 4 substances can occur?

A
  1. water and electrolytes
  2. lipids
  3. carbs
  4. proteins
35
Q

Name the specific pigment(s) that are intracellular, endogenous pigments

A

Brown pigments

  1. iron cmpds
  2. lipofuschin
  3. melanin
36
Q

What entities are responsbile for iron storage in our bodies?

A

ferritin

hemosiderin

37
Q

What is a hollow protein loaded with iron and principal storage form or iron?

A

ferritin

38
Q

What is a protein that consists of intracellular granules in iron storing cells? What are these cells?

A

hemosiderin

autophagosomes loaded with semidigested ferritin molecules

39
Q

Iron stores may be increased due to what?

A

hemochromatosis

hemosiderosis

40
Q

What is a hereditary disorder in which too much iron is absorbed or retained?

A

hemochromatosis

41
Q

what is an iron overload due to other systemic or local causes?

A

hemosiderosis

42
Q

What could be a possible cause of hemosiderosis?

A

multiple blood transfusions

43
Q

When you see granular pigment divided throughout the cells stained with prussian blue, what do you expect?

A

iron pigmentation

hemochromatosis

44
Q

When we bleed into tissue (bruise), what can be found?

A

localized iron overload

45
Q

What is a wear and tear pigment (pigment of aging), polymer of oxidized lipids, present in long lived cells?

A

lipofuchsin

46
Q

How can a pathologist tell the age of a person?

A

amount of lipofuchsin found within the tissue

47
Q

What is a naturally occuring pigment that is normally present in basal layer of skin, retina, and some other ectodermal derived tissue?

A

melanin

48
Q

What pigment serves to absorb harmful UV light and may be a useful free radical sink?

A

melanin

49
Q

In increased concentrations of melanin in neoplasms, what is a likely diagnosis?

A

malignant melanoma

50
Q

What is the main route of ingestion of carbon? Where can it be seen grossly and micro?

A

pulmonary (due to floating in air)

in lungs, in pulmonary lymph nodes and in distant tissues

51
Q

What is a disease that is a result of ingestion of black pigment that is permanent but harmless as long as surrounding tissues do not react to the inert carbon?

A

anthracosis

52
Q

What 2 substances ingested together will cause a disease worse than anthracosis?

A

carbon and silica

53
Q

What cells take up black pigment?

A

reactive histiocytes

54
Q

T/F calcium salts deposit in abnormal, diseased or dead tissues of many types

A

true

55
Q

What are the 2 types of pathologic calcification? Which is most common?

A
  1. dystrophic (most common)
  2. metastatic
56
Q

Describe dystrophic calcification

A
  • most common
  • local process, usually related to some tissue injury
  • plasma calcium levels are normal
57
Q

Describe metastatic calcification

A
  • less common
  • generalized process, with calcification of many tissues
  • plasma calcium levels are elevated so ratio of calcium to phosphate are changed
58
Q

T/F dystrophic calcification can have a positive clinical use, describe

A

true

tissue damage that is found in ductal breast carcinoma so it is a positive test

59
Q

What will cause accumulations of water and electrolytes?

A

leaking into cells due to vacuole formation or to hydropic swelling, diffuse waterloggin of the entire cell

60
Q

Hydropic swelling is an early indicator of what? What is the long term effect?

A

indicator of cell damange that is often reversible

61
Q

What are the 2 significant lipids that may accumulate in cells under abnormal conditions?

A

triglycerides

cholesterol

62
Q

What is a disease of lipid accumulation seen under the surface of the skin? What type of lipid is present?

A

xanthelasma (xanthoma)

LDL

63
Q

When can lipid accumulation of triglycerides be grossly seen?

A

yellow, greasy deposits in diseased organs whose cells are engorged with triglyceride droplets and vacuoules

64
Q

What disease is triglyceride storage that is most common in liver but can be seen in heart, skeletal muscle and kidney cortex?

A

steatosis

65
Q

What is a disease that is associated with lipid accumulation related to low protein/high carbohydrate diet? What is the result?

A

kwashiorkor

results from lack of protein synthesis which blocks the syntehsis and export of lipoproteins from liver with retention of lipid components

66
Q

What will the lipid accumulation of cholesterol cause if in the wrong location?

A

abnormal deposition or storage that may lead to severe disease such as atherosclerotic plaques

67
Q

What is the disease that causes foam cells in the wall of the gallbladder but does not cause dysfunction?

A

cholesterosis so not always pathogenic

68
Q

Accumulations of carbs is seen as an increase in what? Describe this

A

glycogen

readily available source of energy that may increase intracellularly in conditions such as diabetes or hypoxia

accumulatio is diffuse

69
Q

If carb accumulation in the CNS, where will they be found?

A

Lafora bodies => intraneuronally in some severe CNS diseases

Corporaamylaceae => extracellular and part of wear and tear

70
Q

Protein accumulation may accumulate and are generally what type of proteins especially with alcohol?

A

cytoskeletal proteins

71
Q

In macrosteotosis or alcoholism, what accumulation is often found?

A

protein accumulation

Pathology block 1 (24 decks)

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