Cell injury Flashcards
What is the study of disease in individual cells?
cytopathology
What discovered the fact that cells come from cells?
Rudolph Virchow - father of cellular path
What is the inability to adapt lead to?
cell injury or cell death
What are the causes of cell injury?
- oxygen deprivation
- physical agents/trauma
- chemical agents and drugs
- infectious agents
- immunologic reactions
- genetic derangements
- nutritional imbalances
T/F each cell responds to cell injury equally due to the same DNA
false, each cell is different
Is it very apparent grossly that cell death has occured?
No, often it is not even microscopically seen
What are the types of cellular adaptation to injury?
- atrophy
- hypertrophy
- hyperplasia
- metaplasia
- dysplasia
What is a decrease in the size and function of a cell or organ?
atrophy
What causes atrophy?
- decreased workload
- loss of innervation
- diminished blood supply
- inadequate nutrition
- loss of endocrine stimulation (breasts/testes)
- aging (senile atrophy) => usually from diminished blood supply
In the brain, describe atrophy
sulci get larger while the gyri (substance of the brain) has atrophied so spaces get larger
laterally, the size has decreased
often seen in alzeimer’s disease
What is the increase in the size of a cell caused by an augmented functional demand or specific stimulation?
hypertrophy
What 2 mechanisms of disease can hypertrophy be caused from?
- physiologic-ex: massive growth in size of uterine wall due to hormones
- pathologic- ex: increased thickness of left ventricular wall due to systemic hypertension
What is the increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue?
hyperplasia
What 2 mechanisms of disease can hyperplasia occur?
- physiologic- ex: increased # of lactational units in breast during pregnancy/lactation
- pathologic- ex: hyperplasia endometrial lining seen as precursor to endometrial carcinoma
How can you determine if an organ is undergoing hypertrophy or hyperplasia?
Under the microscope, the cells of a hypertrophic organ will just be larger with more space bw the cells
In bengin prostatic hyperplasia, where is it likely to occur? what is the result?
occurs around the central urethra
results in frequent urine flow and increases the number of glands in the prostate
What is the state of a cell nucleus containing 3 or more haploid chromosomal sets?
polyploidy
If polyploidy of cells occur naturally in what?
megakaryocytes
When does polyploidy of cells result from cellular adaptation?
hyperplasia
hypertrophy
Polyploidy of cells in an unrestricted cell growth is termed what?
malignancy
T/F polyploidy always indicates unrestricted cell growth
false, it is occasionally
T/F platelets are a result of polyploidy
true, derived from megakaryocytes
What is the conversion of one differentiated cell type to another differentiated cell type? What types of cells can they occur in?
metaplasia
epithelial metaplasia or mesenchymal metaplasia
T/F endoderm, via metaplasia, can form ectoderm cell lines
false, there is no proven route of metaplasia across germ layers
What type of metaplasia commonly occurs as a precursor to dysplasia or neoplasia?
epithelial metaplasia
T/F mesenchymal metaplasia is rarely if ever preneoplastic
true
Effects of smoking of the pseudocolumnar ciliated respiratory epithelium may induce what?
epithelial metaplasia to squamous type
(pseudocolumnar to squamous)
The effects of certain serotypes of HPV on the cervial epithelium may induce transformation of what types of epithelium?
Where does this usually occur first?
columnar epithelium (endocervix) to squamous epithelium
epithelial metaplasia
occurs first on the basement membrane in the reserve cells
What causes the effects of gastric acid reflux on squamous epithelium of the esophagus to what type of cell?
squamous to columnar epithelium via epithelial metaplasia
What is the alteration of size, shape and organization of the cellular components of a tissue?
dysplasia
What 4 characteristcs are genreal of dysplasia?
- abnormalities in size and shape of cells
- enlargement, irregularity, hyperchromasia of the nuclei
- disorderly arrangement of cells w/in epithelium
- generally, a preneoplastic condition
What is the order of dysfunction bw the -plasia?
metaplasia < dysplasia < neoplasia
What are the pigments? Name specific examples of these
- Brown=> iron cmpds, lipofuchsin, melanin
- black => carbon
Accumulations of what 4 substances can occur?
- water and electrolytes
- lipids
- carbs
- proteins
Name the specific pigment(s) that are intracellular, endogenous pigments
Brown pigments
- iron cmpds
- lipofuschin
- melanin
What entities are responsbile for iron storage in our bodies?
ferritin
hemosiderin
What is a hollow protein loaded with iron and principal storage form or iron?
ferritin
What is a protein that consists of intracellular granules in iron storing cells? What are these cells?
hemosiderin
autophagosomes loaded with semidigested ferritin molecules
Iron stores may be increased due to what?
hemochromatosis
hemosiderosis
What is a hereditary disorder in which too much iron is absorbed or retained?
hemochromatosis
what is an iron overload due to other systemic or local causes?
hemosiderosis
What could be a possible cause of hemosiderosis?
multiple blood transfusions
When you see granular pigment divided throughout the cells stained with prussian blue, what do you expect?
iron pigmentation
hemochromatosis
When we bleed into tissue (bruise), what can be found?
localized iron overload
What is a wear and tear pigment (pigment of aging), polymer of oxidized lipids, present in long lived cells?
lipofuchsin
How can a pathologist tell the age of a person?
amount of lipofuchsin found within the tissue
What is a naturally occuring pigment that is normally present in basal layer of skin, retina, and some other ectodermal derived tissue?
melanin
What pigment serves to absorb harmful UV light and may be a useful free radical sink?
melanin
In increased concentrations of melanin in neoplasms, what is a likely diagnosis?
malignant melanoma
What is the main route of ingestion of carbon? Where can it be seen grossly and micro?
pulmonary (due to floating in air)
in lungs, in pulmonary lymph nodes and in distant tissues
What is a disease that is a result of ingestion of black pigment that is permanent but harmless as long as surrounding tissues do not react to the inert carbon?
anthracosis
What 2 substances ingested together will cause a disease worse than anthracosis?
carbon and silica
What cells take up black pigment?
reactive histiocytes
T/F calcium salts deposit in abnormal, diseased or dead tissues of many types
true
What are the 2 types of pathologic calcification? Which is most common?
- dystrophic (most common)
- metastatic
Describe dystrophic calcification
- most common
- local process, usually related to some tissue injury
- plasma calcium levels are normal
Describe metastatic calcification
- less common
- generalized process, with calcification of many tissues
- plasma calcium levels are elevated so ratio of calcium to phosphate are changed
T/F dystrophic calcification can have a positive clinical use, describe
true
tissue damage that is found in ductal breast carcinoma so it is a positive test
What will cause accumulations of water and electrolytes?
leaking into cells due to vacuole formation or to hydropic swelling, diffuse waterloggin of the entire cell
Hydropic swelling is an early indicator of what? What is the long term effect?
indicator of cell damange that is often reversible
What are the 2 significant lipids that may accumulate in cells under abnormal conditions?
triglycerides
cholesterol
What is a disease of lipid accumulation seen under the surface of the skin? What type of lipid is present?
xanthelasma (xanthoma)
LDL
When can lipid accumulation of triglycerides be grossly seen?
yellow, greasy deposits in diseased organs whose cells are engorged with triglyceride droplets and vacuoules
What disease is triglyceride storage that is most common in liver but can be seen in heart, skeletal muscle and kidney cortex?
steatosis
What is a disease that is associated with lipid accumulation related to low protein/high carbohydrate diet? What is the result?
kwashiorkor
results from lack of protein synthesis which blocks the syntehsis and export of lipoproteins from liver with retention of lipid components
What will the lipid accumulation of cholesterol cause if in the wrong location?
abnormal deposition or storage that may lead to severe disease such as atherosclerotic plaques
What is the disease that causes foam cells in the wall of the gallbladder but does not cause dysfunction?
cholesterosis so not always pathogenic
Accumulations of carbs is seen as an increase in what? Describe this
glycogen
readily available source of energy that may increase intracellularly in conditions such as diabetes or hypoxia
accumulatio is diffuse
If carb accumulation in the CNS, where will they be found?
Lafora bodies => intraneuronally in some severe CNS diseases
Corporaamylaceae => extracellular and part of wear and tear
Protein accumulation may accumulate and are generally what type of proteins especially with alcohol?
cytoskeletal proteins
In macrosteotosis or alcoholism, what accumulation is often found?
protein accumulation
