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CHY1102 - Biological and medicinal chemistry > RNA translation and transcription > Flashcards

RNA translation and transcription Flashcards

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1
Q

What are genes?

A

Sections of DNA within the nucleus of cells

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2
Q

What do genes contain?

A

The specific instructions for the sequence of amino acids required to make a protein

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3
Q

Where does protein synthesis take place?

A

Cytoplasm

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4
Q

What is the name of the process to go from DNA to mRNA?

A

Transcription

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5
Q

What is the name of the process to go from mRNA to a protein?

A

Translation

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6
Q

What is mRNA?

A

Messenger RNA

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7
Q

What does the base sequence of mRNA reflect?

A

The DNA sequence

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8
Q

What is mRNA complimentary to?

A

The DNA template

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9
Q

Does mRNA vary in length?

A

Yes

Depending on the gene

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10
Q

Which enzyme synthesises RNA?

A

RNA polymerase

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11
Q

What are the three things RNA polymerase needs?

A

A template
Activated precursors
A metal

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12
Q

What template does RNA polymerase prefer?

A

Double stranded DNA

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13
Q

What are the activated precursors that RNA polymerase needs?

A

All 4 ribonucleoside triphosphates

ATP, GTP, UTP, CTP

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14
Q

Which metal does RNA polymerase need?

A

Mn2+ or Mg2+

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15
Q

Does RNA polymerase require a primer?

A

No

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16
Q

What are promoter sites?

A

DNA templates contain promoter sites that bind to RNA polymerase and position it in the correct place to start synthesis

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17
Q

Where are the promoter sites found?

A

5’ side of the DNA

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18
Q

Where are the two promoter sites in humans found?

A

CAAT box

TATA box

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19
Q

Where is the CAAT box?

A

75 bases up

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20
Q

Where is the TATA box?

A

25 bases up

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21
Q

What is an exon?

A

The region of DNA which codes for a protein

22
Q

What is a codon?

A

Three coding bases

23
Q

What does degenerate?

A

Some amino acids are coded for by more than one codon

24
Q

What is the start codon?

A

Met

25
Q

What are the stop codons?

A

UAA
UAG
UGA

26
Q

What does a ribosome do?

A

Makes the proteins

27
Q

Generally how does the ribosome make the protein?

A

Uses the instructions from the mRNA to build a new protein

28
Q

What is tRNA?

A

Transfer RNA

29
Q

What is the function of tRNA?

A

Carry an activated Amino acid to the ribosome to add it to the chain

30
Q

How many tRNA units can one ribosome hold? Why?

A

2

Allows the peptide bond to form between them

31
Q

In translation, what is the leaving group?

A

tRNA

32
Q

In translation, how does the peptide bond form?

A

Nucleophilic attack of the A site amino acid NH2 of the P site of the carboxyl group

33
Q

How many nucleotides long is tRNA?

A

73-93

34
Q

Is tRNA single stranded or double stranded?

A

Single stranded in the shape of a clover

35
Q

Which end of tRNA is usually phosphorylated?

A

5’

36
Q

What is the base sequence at the end of a tRNA molecule?

A

CCA

37
Q

How is the activated amino acid attached to the tRNA?

A

Using an ester group to the 3’OH of the ribose unit

38
Q

How is the clover shape of tRNA caused?

A

It hybridises to itself

39
Q

What is tRNA recycled by?

A

A group of enzymes that recognise the specific tRNA and add a new amino acid unit called tRNA synthetases

40
Q

How many different types of tRNA syntheses are there?

A

There is one for each amino acids

41
Q

Are reactions involving tRNA synthetases specific?

A

yes

Highly specific reactions

42
Q

Why are reactions involving tRNA synthetases highly specific?

A

The enzyme must be able to recognise the matching tRNA and the incoming amino acid which may only differ by a CH2 group

43
Q

What are the features for unfolding of proteins?

A

Conformational entropy means there is more disorder

There is hydrogen bonding to water

44
Q

How much energy per mole is there in unfolding proteins?

A

+190 kCal/mole

45
Q

What are the features of folding proteins?

A

Hydrophobic collapse is favoured
Intramolecular hydrogen bonding
Van der Waals interactions

46
Q

How much energy per mole is there in folding proteins?

A

-200 kCal/mole

47
Q

Do proteins fold randomly?

A

No they don’t fold randomly

48
Q

How many stages does protein folding occur in?

A

2

49
Q

What are the stages of protein folding?

A

1) hydrophobic collapse to a molten globule

2) Progressive stabilisation of secondary and tertiary structure

50
Q

What does secondary structure formation depend on?

A

The surroundings

51
Q

What do secondary structures formed in the molten globule interact with?

A

Other nearby structures

52
Q

When secondary structures interact with other nearby structures, how does this affect the structure?

A

It can either stabilise or destabilise

CHY1102 - Biological and medicinal chemistry (13 decks)

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