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CHY1102 - Biological and medicinal chemistry > Nucleic acid > Flashcards

Nucleic acid Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 bases in DNA?

A

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

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2
Q

What are the 4 bases in RNA?

A

Adenine
Uracil
Cytosine
Guanine

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3
Q

Which two bases are the purines?

A

Adenine

Guanine

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4
Q

Which bases are pyridines?

A

Uracil
Thymine
Cytosine

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5
Q

What is the difference between uracil and thymine?

A

Thymine has a methyl group which uracil does not

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6
Q

Where does the sugar join to the purines?

A

At the 5 membered ring

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7
Q

What is the sugar called in RNA?

A

β-D-Ribofuranose

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8
Q

What is the sugar called in DNA?

A

2-Deoxy-β-D-ribofuranose

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9
Q

Where is the oxygen lost in β-D-Ribofuranose to become 2-Deoxy-β-D-ribofuranose?

A

2- position

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10
Q

What is a nucleoside?

A

The base and sugar

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11
Q

Where does the bond form between the base and the sugar in a nucleoside?

A

At the 1 position

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12
Q

What is the name of adenine + sugar in RNA?

A

Adenosine

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13
Q

What is the sugar called in DNA?

A

2-Deoxy-β-D-ribofuranose

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14
Q

What is the name of uracil + sugar in RNA?

A

Uridine

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15
Q

What is the name of cytosine + sugar in RNA?

A

Cytidine

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16
Q

What is the name of adenine and sugar in DNA?

A

2-deoxyadenosine

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17
Q

What is the name of thymine and sugar in DNA?

A

2-deoxythymidine

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18
Q

How do you name nucleosides?

A

β-N1-Glycosidic bond

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19
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

Nucleoside + phosphate

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20
Q

Which positions can phosphate join?

A

2’
3’
5’

21
Q

Which position is phosphate usually joined at?

A

5’ - OH position

22
Q

What types of phosphates can form?

A

mono-
di-
tri-

23
Q

What is the name of cytosine and sugar in DNA?

A

2-deoxycytidine

24
Q

What is the name of guanine and sugar in DNA?

A

2-deoxyguanosine

25
Q

What is the full name of the nucleotide with the adenine base in DNA with one phosphate?

A

2’-Deoxyadenosine 5’-monophosphate

26
Q

What is the short hand for 2’-Deoxyadenosine 5’-monophosphate?

A

dAMP

27
Q

What is the full name of the nucleotide with the guanine base in DNA with one phosphate?

A

2’-Deoxyguanosine 5’-monophosphate

28
Q

What is the full name of the nucleotide with the thymine base in DNA with one phosphate?

A

2’-Deoxythymidine 5’-monophosphate

29
Q

What is the shorthand for 2’-Deoxyguanosine 5’-monophosphate?

A

dGMP

30
Q

What is the shorthand for 2’-Deoxythymidine 5’-monophosphate?

A

dTMP

31
Q

What is the full name of the nucleotide with the cytosine base in DNA with one phosphate?

A

2’-Deoxycytidine 5’-monophosphate

32
Q

What is the shorthand for 2’-Deoxycytidine 5’-monophosphate?

A

dCMP

33
Q

Which direction is the strand read?

A

5’ to 3’

34
Q

In the phosphodiester backbone, where does the phosphate group link to?

A

The 3’-OH of one sugar to the 5’-OH of the next

35
Q

What is the general structure of DNA?

A

Double stranded with a double helix structure

36
Q

What is the diameter of the double helix?

A

2.37 nM

37
Q

What is the distance between base pairs?

A

0.33 nM

38
Q

What is the pitch of a double helix (How far up one turn is)?

A

3.40 nM

39
Q

How many base pairs are there per complete turn?

A

10.4

40
Q

How many hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine?

A

2

41
Q

How many hydrogen bonds between cytosine and guanine?

A

3

42
Q

What types of bond pairs are between the bases?

A

Hydrogen bonds

43
Q

What are the 4 types of interactions which stabilise the double helix structure?

A

Stacking interactions
Hydrogen bonds
Hydrophobic effects
Charge-charge interactions

44
Q

How do stacking interactions stabilise the double helix structure?

A

Causes van der waal forces between base pairs

Bases are aromatic structures which means there are pi clouds that are close together

45
Q

How do the hydrophobic effects stabilise the double helix structure?

A

The hydrophobic purines and pyrimidines are buried within the helix and this increases stability

46
Q

How do charge-charge interactions stabilise the double helix structure?

A

The electrostatic repulsion of the negatively charged phosphates is minimised by the presence of ions

47
Q

What structure does RNA form?

A

Usually single stranded but can form double helices including a hairpin loop

48
Q

What can RNA do with DNA?

A

Hybridise with it to form G-C, A-T and U-A base pairs

CHY1102 - Biological and medicinal chemistry (13 decks)

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