Rivers

Question 1

Human Activity In Tees?

Answer 1

Sheep Farming
-Land too steep, acidic and thin for anything else to grow.

Tourism

• Penine Way (Footpath),
• Nature trails,
• Litter,
• Overcrowding,
• Money and employment.

Water Supply

• Provided for homes and industry,
• Reduce floods.

Question 2

Width? Depth? Velocity? Discharge? Gradient?

Answer 2

Width
-Distance from one river bank to the other.

Depth
-The Distance From the surface of water to the river bank.

Velocity
-Speed of flowing water (m/s).

Discharge
-Amount and rate of water movement (m3/s).

Gradient
-How steep the river is.

Question 3

Solution (Corrosion)?

Answer 3

Weak acids from the rain water and sea react with the rocks,

This causes them to break down,

This is the only break down process where the speed of the water in the river does not matter,

Limestone is prone to this.

Question 4

Suspension?

Answer 4

Small particles like sand and clay are help up on top of the water.

Question 5

Saltation?

Answer 5

Bouncing of larger particles on a river bed.

Question 6

Traction?

Answer 6

Rolling motion of the sediment alone the bed of the river,

Only happens when the river flow is high.

Question 7

Attrition?

Answer 7

Rocks constantly hitting each other causing them to get smaller and smoother.

Question 8

Abrasion?

Answer 8

Material is thrown against the river banks and cliffs,

This breaks off more rocks which continues in the cycle.

Question 9

Hydrologic Action?

Answer 9

Water being pushed into the river banks and cliff sides,

Compression of air inside the cliff and rocks makes larger crack in the rock.

Question 10

Upper Course?

Answer 10

Mainly vertical erosion,
V shaped channel with interlocking spurs,
Waterfalls.

Question 11

Middle Course?

Answer 11

Lateral erosion,
Some vertical erosion but not much,
Shallow slope and broadening valley floor with sloping valley sides,
Meanders and river cliffs are found here,
River gets deeper and wider.

Question 12

Lower Course?

Answer 12

Some lateral erosion,
Deposition because low energy,
Fine sediment because river can’t carry large sediment,
Wide and flat,
Shallow,
Ox bow lakes, levees and flood plains found here,
River is deepest and widest.

Question 13

Watershed?

Answer 13

Area of high land that forms the edge of the river basin.

Question 14

Source?

Answer 14

River beginning.

Question 15

Mouth?

Answer 15

River meets sea.

Question 16

Tributary?

Answer 16

Small river or stream that joins to a larger river.

Question 17

Confluence?

Answer 17

Point at which two rivers meet.

Question 18

Channel?

Answer 18

Where river flows.

Question 19

Types Of Erosion?

Answer 19

Hydraulic Action,
Abrasion,
Attrition,
Solution (Corrosion).

Question 20

Transportation Types?

Answer 20

Traction,
Saltation,
Suspension,
Solution.

Question 21

Deposition?

Answer 21

Loss of energy which causes the river to release sediment.

Question 22

Factors That Cause Deposition?

Answer 22

Shallow water,
Volume of river decreases,
River mouth.

Question 23

Drainage Basin?

Answer 23

Area around the river that is drained by the river.

Question 24

Long Profile?

Answer 24

Line that represents the river from its source.

Question 25

Cross Profile?

Answer 25

Cross section of river channel and valley.

Question 26

Flood Plains?

Answer 26

When river floods, biggest sediment is deposited first at the river banks because river looses energy,
This creates natural levees (the barriers of rock),
The sediment gets smaller as you travel away from the river.

Question 27

Sliding?

Answer 27

Rocks slides and happen along a weak area in the rock,

Question 28

Slumping?

Answer 28

Common along river banks,
Happens when a section of land moves down slope as a whole,

In dry weather, the clay contracts and crack,
When it rains, the water runs into the cracks and is absorbed until the clay is saturated,
This weakens the rocks and pulls down due to effect of gravity.

Question 29

Altitude?

Answer 29

Height above sea level.

Question 30

River Tees Upper Course?

Answer 30

Lies on Cross Fell in Pennines,

893m above sea level,

Rainfall is 2000m a year,

Run off is high because impermeable rocks,

Steep gradient,

River stained by peat which covers moorlands,

River bed is rocky,

Waterfalls at high force,

Whinestone is very resistant rock on cap rock,

Below whinestone are bands of sandstone and shale,

Gorge because the river retreated upstream.

Question 31

River Tees Middle Course?

Answer 31

Valley becomes wider and flatter,

Floodplain here,

Gradient decreases,

Lateral and downwards erosion,

Deposition (some),

Meanders,

Sediment is smaller and rounder,

Tributaries joking the River Tees here so the discharge increases.

Question 32

V Shaped Valleys Are Created By?

Answer 32

Vertical erosion,

Sides of valley are steep because the river is eroding vertically,

Interlocking spurs make the river wind,

Interlocking spurs are made of resistant rock,

Velocity is slow because so much energy is used to overcome friction with the rocky bed and banks,

Not much discharge because few tributaries.

Question 33

Waterfalls And Gorges Created By?

Answer 33

Sudden interruption in the river course (cliff),

River travels over hard rock and falls into the plunge pool below,

The river breaks away the soft rock underneath, creating a undercut,

The hard rock collapses into the plunge pool,

This continues and slowly, the waterfall moves upstream,

This leaves a GORGE behind.

Question 34

Meanders Made How?

Answer 34

Velocity of river is higher on the outside bend of the river which causes erosion,

Velocity of river is slower on the inside of the river which causes deposition,

River bends.

Question 35

Ox Bow Lake Made How?

Answer 35

Meanders forms till the neck of the meander is very narrow,

The neck breaks and causes the river to follow the simplest route,

Lake left.

Question 36

Flood Plains Made How?

Answer 36

River floods and biggest sediment is deposited first,

This leaves a natural levee (barrier of sediment),

The smallest sediment is carried because the river has enough energy.

Question 37

Where Are Levees On Tees?

Answer 37

Preston.

Question 38

Where Are Meanders In River Tees?

Answer 38

Egglescliffe.

Question 39

Why Do Rivers Flood?

Answer 39

Rainfall,

Soil becomes saturated,

Rapid snow melting,

Hurricanes,

Deforestation,

Dams,

Climate change,

Urbanisation,

Steep valley sides in the river,

Impermeable rocks,

Long periods of hot weather, then rain comes and rock can’t absorb the rain.

Question 40

Why Is Flooding Going To Increase In Uk Likely?

Answer 40

Changed to land use,

Increasing population leads to urbanisation,

Climate change,

January 2014 and December before, we received largest amount of rainfall since 1910.

Question 41

Flood Risk In River Tees?

Answer 41

Highest flood risk in the lower course,

Places like Darlington have high flood risk.

Question 42

Hard Engineering?

Answer 42

Method of river management which involve major construction,

Could include lots of concrete and steel,

E.g. channelisation.

Question 43

Soft Engineering?

Answer 43

Method of river management which try to work with the natural river processes,

E.g. floodplain zoning.

Question 44

River Tees Lower Course?

Answer 44

River meanders in large loops across the flat floodplain,

Lateral erosion creates wide valley with a flat bottom,

River channel also widen because it is deep and smooth,

Less friction with rocks so velocity is greatest,

Sediment load is high.

Question 44

Why Was River Tees Cut?

Answer 44

Meanders were cut off in the 19th century to shorten journey for boats navigating the river to Stockton and Yarm,

At Teesmouth, the river flows into an estuary where there are huge ages of mud flats such as Seal Sands.