Paper 2

Question 1

Exploitation Of Resources Examples?

Answer 1

Deforestation in Cameroon,

Oil extraction in Ecuador,

Overfishing in North Sea.

Question 2

Rainfall Imbalance In Uk?

Answer 2

Supply highest in North and West,

Higher rainfall rates linked to relief,

Demand highest in South East (London) but has driest climate,

This leads to problems of storage and transfer,

Costly to move water over big distances,

Ageing pipe network,

Reservoirs help, e.g. Staines reservoir near Heathrow.

Question 3

Ageing Infrastructure In UK?

Answer 3

12% London’s water mains are 150 years old,

Thames Water has replaced over 1300 miles of old pipes and has implemented the London Main Ring,

50m water tunnel that forms a complete ring around the capital carrying 1300 million litres a day.

Question 4

Deforestation In Cameroon?

Answer 4

Shows exploitation of resource use,

Key forest area with biodiversity including 800 plant species and 250 species of mammal,

48% is rainforest,

1% cut down every year for palm oil and other uses,

Deforestation causes soil erosion, e.g. heavy rain washes away exposed farming soil vital for subsistence farming.

Question 5

Oil Extraction In Ecuador?

Answer 5

Shows exploitation of resources,

Oil extraction in the Northern Amazonian rainforest region of Ecuador,

Resulted in significant problems linked to extraction,

Pipelines have cracked and oil waste pits have overflowed,

Rivers have been polluted and ecosystems have been damaged.

Question 6

Overfishing In North Sea?

Answer 6

During last 50 years has depleted fish stocks,

Particularly cod and herring,

300,000 tonnes of cod in 1970 fell to 20,000 in 2006.

Question 7

Spanish Costas?

Answer 7

Seasonal imbalance,

High demand in summer months where water activity’s are popular,

Lowest rainfall totals in summer,

Wettest months in Nov-Feb but the demand is low.

Question 8

Water Supply Issues In Emerging/Developing Countries - Access To Clean Water?

Answer 8

Less than 65% of some populations in Africa and Asia have access to clean water,

This is related to economic and physical water scarcity,

Situation is worse in rural.

Question 9

Water Supply Issues In Emerging/Developing Countries - Water Borne Diseases?

Answer 9

Huge issue,

Normally where unhygienic,

Standing water,

E.g. microorganisms that live in water can lead to disease or illness such as cholera, dysentery or typhoid.

Question 10

Water Supply Issues In Emerging/Developing Countries - Pollution Of Water?

Answer 10

Oil exploitation in Ecuador - Texaco dumps 18 billion gallons of dirty production water into streams and rivers,

Texaco created unlined sludge pits where poisons deep into ground water,

This affected neighbouring Peru - the Achuar Tribe (Ecuador),

Health of the people declined.

Question 11

Water Supply Issues In Emerging/Developing Countries - Annual Rainfall?

Answer 11

Some parts of Sahel,

Long term drought,

Chronic water shortages for Sahel countries such as Chad, Mali, Niger and Senegal.

Question 12

Developed Country - Managing Water?

Answer 12

UK,

Water meters,

Shirt flush toilets,

Water butts in garden,

Hose pipe bans in hot weather,

Using water efficient appliances - they’re in all new homes.

Question 13

UK Water Issues Facts?

Answer 13

Rainfall varies from 1500mm in North West to 625 in South East,

12% London’s pipes are over 150 years,

40% are over 100 years,

Lack of investment.

Question 14

China Water Facts?

Answer 14

1500 deaths a year from floods,

Pollution - 70% of china’s rivers and lakes are polluted,

Population is highest in North East - over 200 per square km,

1 billion people,

Drought - West central and north east China, 18m people experienced water shortages.

Question 15

Uk Facts Managing Water?

Answer 15

9 July Hosepipe ban came after North West’s driest start to a year since records began in 1929,

Saved 3 billion litres from hosepipe ban,

Water metres reduce use by 10/15% per house,

Thames Water replaced 1300 miles of pipe,

Ring Main,

Government passed policies saying business must provide a 25 year plan which shows sustainable water management,

Companies are also set efficiently targets which are monitored every year - leakage of water has reduced by 35% since this law.

Question 16

London Ring Main Facts?

Answer 16

Complete in 1994,

50 miles long and forms a ring around capital,

Carry more than 1300 million litres of water each day.

Question 17

China Solutions To Water Management?

Answer 17

2010 - 2012, government carried out water census,

Desalination plants are being built of china’s coastline to provide for cities in north and east,

Cost 21 billion ^, and triple the amount of water available by 2020,

Water redirected from china’s wetter south to the north,

Water saving campaign where Olympic athletes go to schools. Went to 1000 primary schools in Beijing,

Beijing has a water conservancy museum,

Shanghai, 50 wells have been dug 240m deep in residential areas and unis,

New water treatment plants being built and reservoirs,

By end of 2015, 50,000 reservoirs were built.

Question 18

Uneven Development In UK?

Answer 18

Regional gap between South East and North,

Due to physical factors - relief flatter in SE, this aids development as large settlements and transport routes can develop - North and West is more mountainous,

Climate is less extreme in South, also warmer and drier,

South East part of EU core area is well connected through Channel Tunnel and airports. Companies want to locate here,

London has bias development because government is based there,

Infrastructure - motorway networks flow in and out of the South East, 4 international airports, Channel Tunnel,

Foreign investment is dominant in South East,

Decline in primary and secondary work has hit the north hard, e.g. collapse of mining in Notts, York’s and North East.

Question 19

Management To Uneven Development In UK?

Answer 19

This allows increase in trade,

International aid,

Inter-Governmental Agreements - UK has them with 26 other countries as part of EU,

Top down and bottom up projects.

Question 20

Top Down?

Answer 20

Development on a large scale,

The government or country will use money from organisations to fund this,

Local people are not involved.

Question 21

Bottom Up?

Answer 21

Small scale,

Involve locals,

Not expensive and more sustainable,

Use appropriate technology.

Question 22

Care Study - Bottom Up Project?

Answer 22

Micro Hydro Projects,

Nepal,

Run in partnership with Practical Aid to provide rural communities with technology to improve quality of life,

Micro Hydro projects provide energy by exploring falling water to generate power,

Generates 500 kilowatts of power and lasts for 20 years,

Operated and owned by locals,

Energy stored in batteries for villages further away,

Little impact on environment because no dam,

Reduced impact on deforestation as less tress are needed for fuel.

Question 23

Case Study - Top Down Project?

Answer 23

Three Gorges Dam,

China,

On Yangtze River In Sandouping,

Biggest hydroelectric power station in the world, supplying 22,500 mega watts of power,

Major impact on SW of China,

Improved trade,

Controls flossing,

Provides cheap electricity,

Threats to ecosystem (Dolphin became extinct in the river),

1.4 million people were moved from their homes,

Impact on water supply downstream,

Cost was 22 billion.

Question 24

Tanzania Facts?

Answer 24

Population of 59 million, 90% live in rural,

English and Swahili,

Core is Dar Es Salaam,

Dodoma - new capital since 1996, attempt to create a new central area,

152 / 187 countries - HDI (third of population lives below poverty.

Question 25

Tanzania Economy And Government Facts?

Answer 25

Socialist politics approach,

The government nationalised all large banks,

Subsidised services such as health and education, particularly in rural,

Finance provided from IMF (international monetary fund),

Free market economy since 1995,

German colony since 1885 until end of WW1, became a British rule until indépendance in 1960.

Question 26

Primary Sector Changes In Tanzania?

Answer 26

Aid - given to farming communities to improve irrigation,

This allowed crop production to increase^,

Mining of natural resources has brought important foreign investment to the country,

Oil and gas recently discovered in Tanzania,

However, sectors still weather dependant - dry weather means low crop yields,

Agriculture as a share of GDP dropped from 29% in 2001 to 24% in 2010,

Improving productivity in this sector is crucial to development of the country.

Question 27

Secondary Sector Changes In Tanzania?

Answer 27

Provides higher paid jobs for people in core,

Higher salaries allows greater disposable income to be spent in economy,

However, workers can be exploited in the secondary industry,

Only 5% of people work in this area,

Sector is growing slowly.

Question 28

Tertiary Sector Changes In Tanzania?

Answer 28

More people in higher paid jobs that country will revive more taxes to help it develop,

Growth in employment in education sector with primary places for all children,

However, many of the jobs in the tertiary sector require a level of skill that can only be gained through access to education.

Question 29

Quaternary Sector In Tanzania?

Answer 29

Likely to encourage greater overseas investment,

Highly skilled workforce needed and this is not appropriate for Tanzania.

Question 30

Trade, Aid and Investment In Tanzania?

Answer 30

International Trade- exports worth 5.5 billion,

imports worth 11.7 billion US dollars,

Tourism worth 12.7% GDP in 2013,

Aid - second largest recipient in Sub-Sahara Africa,

26 billion in aid from 1990 am- 2010 (main donors are UK and USA),

Investment - Gov encouraging investment in banking, telecommunications and mining,

TNC’s now mine gold and copper,

Oil and gas fields being developed by foreign.

Question 31

Tanzania Facts?

Answer 31

70% still rural areas,

Half population is under 15,

Death rate declining because of medical advances,

Growing inequality gap,

Ongoing dispute with Malawi over ownership of Lake Nyasa,

Never had a civil war,

Cost 500 million dollars backing anti-Amin forces in Uganda,

10% have access to the internet,

60% have a mobile phone.

Question 32

Social, Economic and Environmentally Development Of Tanzania?

Answer 32

Social - Importent Life expectancy,
62% have access to clean water,
Children have schools (all of them),
28% live below poverty line,
60% of leavers fail secondary exams.

Economic - GDP got better,
Foreign investment,
Inequality between regions,
Wealth gap,

Environnemental - Electricity introduced in rural from bottom-up schemes,
This slows down deforestation,
Irrigation schemes have improved farming,
Gold mining cause toxins to leak into water,
Quarries scar the landscape,
Déforestation due to population increase.

Question 33

Dar Es Salaam?

Answer 33

Key port linking Asia and other African countries,

Tropical climate (hot and humid),

Two raining seasons,

Natural harbour so relief is flatter than rest of country,

Well connected - main railway and busiest port in country,

90% countries cargo,

Stock exchange is here,

Seat of Gouvernent is here,

Largest city in Tanzania,

Third fastest growth in Africa, 5.12 million predicted by 2020,

Poverty is only 4.1%,

Literacy rate is 96%,

Health care accessible.

Question 34

Kigoma?

Answer 34

Periphery - geographically isolated,

West corner of Tanzania, boarders Africa,

Tropical climate - prolonged dry season from Feb which impacts subsistence farming,

Steep hills rise from 800m to 1750m in East,

Remote,

Poorly developed infrastructure with little transport networks,

93% population is subsistence farming,

72000 people per health care unit.

Question 35

Urbanisation Changing In UK Due To Physical Factors?

Answer 35

South and East, the land is lower and flatter,

More people live here,

North and West, the land is mostly higher with mountains and slopes (Wales, Scotland),

Fewer people live here because difficult to build,

Rich soils in East Anglia and Herefordshire in south and east, result in low population because they are used for farming.

Question 36

Urbanisation In UK Changing Due To Historical, Economic and Political Factors?

Answer 36

19th century, induction revolution lead to growth of Birmingham, Newcastle and Glasgow (industrial cities),

1801 - London was only in UK with over 100,000 people,

1950’s onwards - UK economic growth focused on tertiary industries (transport, health and education),

South and South East England ^ strongest industries,

London - Centre of UK and has road, railway and air communications, large labour force and work centre of banking,

UK Gouvernent is London.

Question 37

Bristol Facts?

Answer 37

Trading settlement in 14th and 15th century - second largest city in UK by 18th,

Expansion of suburbanisation in late 18th,

Counter-Urbanisation In Bristol when people left in 20th to go to suburbs,

Re-urbanisation because of new housing estates on outskirts (Bradley Stoke).

Question 38

Lawrence Hill Comparison To Cotham?

Answer 38

26% report health issues - LH,
2% - C,

Crime is 40% - LH,
12% - C,

High concentrated terraced housing and high rise flats - LH,

Gym memberships are 42% -C.