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Geography > Changing Cities > Flashcards

Changing Cities Flashcards

1
Q

Urbanisation?

A

The number of people living in towns and cities compared to the number of people living in the countryside,

This is a proportional measure.

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2
Q

Reasons For Urbanisation?

A 
Shops and entertainment,
Better access to healthcare,
Higher salaries,
More jobs in urban areas,
Shortage of services like education,

More reliable food sources,
There are large families so not enough land for each heir,
Industry is attracted to cities because there is a larger workforce,
Better housing,
Limited access to power and water,
Not enough food,
Drought,

Unemployment as farm machinery replaces workers,
Urban areas that were run down have been redeveloped.

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3
Q

Natural Increase Because?

A

People who go through Rural - Urban migration are usually of child bearing age.

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4
Q

Shanty Towns?

A

Towns that are built using waste materials by people living there.

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5
Q

Effect On Agriculture Because Of Urbanisation?

A

Old people are left in the country side because the young have gone to town looking for work,

Food supplies will drop because people cannot work the land soon.

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6
Q

Effect On Education Because Of Urbanisation?

A

There are not enough places at schools in some urban areas.

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7
Q

Developed Case Study?

A

The Uk, Bristol.

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8
Q

Developing Case Study?

A

Brazil, São Paulo.

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9
Q

Site?

A

The land that the settlement is built on.

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10
Q

Situation?

A

Where the settlement is compared to other features around it,

Also known as location.

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11
Q

Connectivity?

A

The way that the city is connected or linked to other countries in the world.

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12
Q

Residential?

A

An area used for housing.

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13
Q

Site Of Bristol?

A

Grew on confluence of River Avon and River Frome,

Seven hills such as Old City, Clifton and College Green,

Trading with South Wales and Ireland because the tidal harbour by River Avon was safe.

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14
Q

Situation Of Bristol?

A

Southwest of Cotswold Hills,

Bank of River Avon,

10km east of its confluence, River Severn,

M4 is at Northern edge and M5 is to its West,

Bath is 20km Southeast,
Newport is 25km Northwest.

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15
Q

National Context?

A

Where a city is compared to the rest of the country it is in,

E.g. Where Bristol is compared to the rest of the UK.

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16
Q

Regional Context?

A

Where Bristol is compared to the rest of Europe.

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17
Q

Global Context?

A

Where Bristol is compared to the rest of the world,

Bristol lies East of Canada and West of Russia.

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18
Q

Connectivity Of Bristol?

A

Trading with Spain, Portugal,

Bristol was involved in the slave triangle,

18th century, Bristol was England’s second largest country due to its trade,

Goods include sugar cane, tobacco and rum,

Bristol Temple Meads and Bristol Parkway are the two major train stations,

Two motorways include M4 and M5,

Planes fly to 112 countries.

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19
Q

The Burgess Model?

A 
CBD (Central Business District),
Inner City,
Suburbs,
Outer Suburbs,
Urban - Rural Fringe.
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20
Q

Bristol Land Use In CBD?

A

Tallest and oldest buildings,
Publics buildings such as museums,
Most expensive area,

Bristol was rebuilt in the Second World War because the city centre was heavily bombed,

Cabot Circus (shopping centre) in CBD opened in 2008.

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21
Q

Bristol Land Use For Inner City?

A

Residential and small light industry,

High density housing was built between 1850 and 1914,

Houses have no front garden and a small yard at the back, e.g. Sandy Park,

Terraced houses were built for the workers so they could be close to their place of work.

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22
Q

Bristol Land Use For Suburbs?

A

Residential,

Housing is low density and tends to be semi-detached or detached,

Open areas such as parks and playing fields, schools and hospitals,

Built between 1920 and 1940.

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23
Q

Bristol Land Use For Outer Suburbs?

A

Residential,

Houses are much larger because the land at the edge of the city is much cheaper,

Built between 1960’s onwards,

Away from noise and pollution of the city.

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24
Q

Bristol Land Use For Urban-Rural Fringe?

A

Much of ares is Green Belt,

Cribbs Causeway,

Housing was allowed to be built,

Housing built from 1960’s onwards,

Cribbs Causeway build from 1990’s onwards.

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25
Q

Linear Villages?

A

Strung along roads, river valleys or ridges or the coastline,

Found in a line following something.

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26
Q

Dispersed Villages?

A

Have no original nucleus,

Spaced out homes,

Usually made for agricultural purposes so owners of land have room to farm.

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27
Q

Nucleated Or Clustered Villages?

A

Form at route centres,

They may originally reflect the need for defence.

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28
Q

Gridiron?

A

Streets are arranged at 90 degree angles to each other and run parallel alongside each other,

Grid pattern,

Terraced housing,

E.g. New York.

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29
Q

Suburbanisation?

A

The growth of a town or city into the surrounding countryside,

This usually causes villages on the outskirts to join with the city.

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30
Q

Counter-Urbanisation?

A

Movement of people from cities and towns to the countryside.

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31
Q

Re-Urbanisation?

A

The movement of people back into a urban area,

Usually after city has been modernised.

32
Q

Urbanisation In Bristol?

A

Development as a trading settlement during 14th and 15th century,

Trading with Spain and Portugal and New World,

Goods included sugar cane, rum and tobacco.

33
Q

Suburbanisation In Bristol?

A

Inter war period when houses were build in areas such as Bridlington,

New suburbs build such as stock wood in 1960’s (semi-detached with open space),

Bristol expanded in the late 18th century into Clifton area.

34
Q

Re-Urbanisation In Bristol?

A

1980’s onwards, new housing estates such as Bradley Stroke (North of Bristol),

Inner city has become run down so people moved to new cities in suburbs.

35
Q

National Migration?

A

Movement of people from one area of a country to another with the intention of staying there for at least a year.

36
Q

International Migration?

A

Is the movement of people from one country to another with the intention of staying there for at least a year.

37
Q

Push Factors?

A

Factors making people want to leave a place.

38
Q

Pull Factors?

A

Factors making people want to go towards another place.

39
Q

National Migration In Bristol?

A

Better jobs,

Study (student population of 28,000),

Since 2008, there has been an increase of national migration.

40
Q

International Migration In Bristol?

A

1950’s, UK encouraged immigrants from India, Pakistan, Caribbean, etc to do the jobs we no longer wanted to do,

24,000 people came to Bristol between 2004 and 2009,

2012-2015, many flied from Syria and Afghanistan to avoid war.

41
Q

Bristol Population?

A

8th largest city in England,

Population of 449,300 people,

More children than people over 65,

83,800 under 16’s make 19% of population,

Only 1 of 7 are over 65,

68% is working age.

42
Q

Decentralisation?

A

Movement of shops, offices and industry away from the urban centres into the retail and business parks in suburbs.

43
Q

Globalisation?

A

The way that the companies, ideas and lifestyles are spread around the world.

44
Q

Deindustrialisation?

A

The reduction of industrial activity in a region (factory’s).

45
Q

Impacts Of Deindustrialisation In Bristol?

A

Decline in the port saw many factories and warehouses left empty along the waterfront area,

2011, Cadbury closed its plant in Keynsham - 400 jobs lost,

2010, Imperial Tobacco closed its last factory meaning many employers made redundant. However, head office is still there and employs 600 people,

Industrial areas are contaminated and require expensive technologies to restore them.

46
Q

Inner City Example In Bristol?

A

Cabot

47
Q

Suburbs Example In Bristol?

A

Stock wood

48
Q

Cabot Facts?

A

Education attainment is 39,

Offence rate is 500 per 1000 people,

Cars per household is 0.55,

Overcrowded households is 8%,

Male life expectancy is 74.7, female is 82.

49
Q

Stockwood Facts?

A

Education attainment is 46,

Offence rate is 75 per 1000 people,

Cars per household is 1.3,

Overcrowded households is 3%,

Male life expectancy is 78.9, female is 81.8.

50
Q

Changes In CBD In Bristol?

A

Decentralisation is CBD in 19th century because of noise, pollution and over population,

Shops moved out of CBD and into out of town shopping centres in 1970-1980,

Growing congestion in CBD made out of town shopping centres grow,

Internet shopping - £52.25 billion in UK in 2015 which was a 16.2% increase from 2014.

51
Q

Making Urban Life More Sustainable In Bristol?

A

Best British city to live in in 2013,

Bristol council provides bins for waste and recycling. Bristol has one of the highest recycling rates in UK. 2012, residents recycled 50% of waste,

New waste treatment plan for waste can deal with 200,000 tones a year and powers 13,000 homes,

Unemployment rate is only 8%,

Healthy eating plan called 20:20,

Bus lanes,

Car sharing,

Cycle routes,

Reducing carbon footprint by putting insulation into houses,

Council offers affordable homes which are 80% of local market.

52
Q

National, Regional and Global Context Of Soa Paulo?

A

National - South East of the country,

Regional - Brazil is in the centre, East of South America,

Global - Brazil is in South America, East of the Pacific Ocean and West of Africa.

53
Q

Site Of São Paulo?

A

Hilly plateau with lots of rivers,

City is dived into two by the Anhangabau River which now flows underground,

820m above sea level.

54
Q

Situation Of São Paulo?

A

Southeast of Brazil,

70km from Atlantic Ocean,

Capital of Brazil is 1000km North from São Paulo,

Main port is called Santos.

55
Q

Connectivity Of São Paulo?

A

Motorway and a railway which link São Paulo to the port of Santos,

Subway system and train lines,

16,000 busses,

Two major international airports link with the rest of the world.

56
Q

Periphery?

A

Outer edge of the city.

57
Q

Corticos?

A

Inner city accommodation for the poor,

Family’s live in one room with shared cookie and toilet facilities.

58
Q

Favela?

A

Homes for the poor which can be found anywhere in the city,

They are made from waste materials and have no water supply, electrify or toilets.

59
Q

CBD In São Paulo?

A

Businesses, shops, hotels,

Split into Centro Novo and Centre Velho by river Anhangabau,

Centro Novo is shopping and entertainment. Also contains the main train stations,

Centro Velho is more of a financial centre with banks and stock exchange,

Buildings made in 19th century but went through rapid industrialisation in 20th century,

Many high rise buildings backed homes and office blocks for the wealthy in 20th century.

60
Q

Inner City In São Paulo?

A

Residential,

Migrants settled in 19th and 20th century bin places such as Bela Vista,

Paraisopolis - 43,000 people lived crammed into 150 acres.

61
Q

Suburbs In São Paulo?

A

Many favelas but also areas of great housing,

Morumbi shows expensive housing with parks and shopping centres,

Commercial,

Favelas in Paraisopolis,

Headquarters of banks and university’s.

62
Q

Urban-Rural Fringe Of São Paulo?

A

First development of favelas in 1980’s,

2000’s development of gated communities,

1980’s, lots of favelas due to rapid population growth,

Alphaville - an example of a gated community.

63
Q

Reasons For Population Growth In São Paulo?

A

People left country side to search for jobs, better housing and schooling,

High natural increase in the last 20 years. Growth rate has slowed down from 5% in 1975 to 1.3% in 2013.

64
Q

Causes Of Migration In São Paulo?

A

Rural people have high expectations of rural life such as health care and schools,

Places suffer from drought in Brazil,

Land in rural areas has been taken from farmers who are renting it. This is to be used for cash crops such as coffee and orange juice,

Advertising was run during 1950’s to 1960’s because of economic growth,

82 to 1000 infant mortality rate in Urban whilst 175 per 1000 in Rural.

65
Q

Impacts Of Migration On São Paulo?

A

Marsilac, 8400 residents struggle to survive,

Migrants live in poor conditions,

Overcrowding,

Pressure on services such as hospitals,

15 million people live in São Paulo,

Great variety of ethnic groups in São Paulo,

São Paulo gets 2000 immigrants per week,

1/3 families live in one room dwellings,

Highest unemployment rate in the country,

Marsilac is the country’s poorest city,

Services such as schools and doctors are hard to maintain.

66
Q

Housing For Rich In São Paulo?

A

Apartment Blocks - they find this good because it is close to places of employment and they can avoid traffic. There’s also facility’s near by,

Detached High Class Housing - modern buildings with open space. Allows for bigger houses. Find this good because it’s quieter and there is less congestion and more open space.

67
Q

Housing For Poor In São Paulo?

A

Shanty Towns,

Favelas are generally found in Marsilac and on outskirts of the city. Other residents in São Paulo have chosen to avoid this land.

68
Q

Marsilac Facts?

A

11% are unemployed in 2012,

One in four are teenage births,

8400 residents struggle to survive,

HDI is 0.701 (wealthy area, Jardim Paulista is 0.850). This is comparable to Sierra, the poorest country in the world,

11,000 homicides a year,

Malnutrition,

60km from city centre. A bus would take 3 hours.

69
Q

Political Power In São Paulo?

A

The wealthiest residents of São Paulo are also the key decision makers,

They make decisions to suits places where they live and not rural areas or places such as Marsilac.

70
Q

Squatter Settlements?

A

Migrants are forced to illegally build homes made out of waste,

They have no water or electricity,

Favelas cover 20% of São Paulo.

71
Q

Pollution In São Paulo?

A

Residents own 16,000 busses and 6.2 million cars,

4,655 died in 2011 due to air pollution,

20-25 micro grams per cubic metre of pollution particles, double what is deemed safe by World Health Organisation.

72
Q

Inadequate Services In São Paulo?

A

6 million tones of waste a year,

Whole families share a single room,

Three small subway lines are saturated by 2.5 million passengers every day,

Little services and clean water,

Diseases.

73
Q

Case Study: Cingapura Housing Project?

A

1995 -2001,

Top-Down Project,

Scheme was supposed to build 100,000 houses but built 14,000,

Fresh water supply to blocks and built on same land as favelas so people stayed where they knew. Also leisure areas included,

However, many favela owners didn’t pay their rent and the living space was very small. Favelas were also demolished to build these blocks.

74
Q

Case Study: Self-Help Scheme In Santo Andre?

A

Santo Andre has a population of 650,000,

Favelas have grown here,

Self help scheme is to prove the residents of the shanty towns with materials to improve their existing shelter,

Residents may also be given rights of ownership while authorities provide electricity and water supply,

Health care is now more accessible here,

Favelas have improved.

75
Q

How The Government Had Tried To Improve Life In São Paulo?

A

Crime In Favelas - Exchanging toy guns for comic books. 27,000 toy guns were traded in first three years. 1,600 real guns in first 6 months,

Transport - Have introduces a metro system with 6 lines and 65 stations which carries 3 million people each day. It’s cheap and efficient,

Congestion - “Rodizo” is a scheme which involves banning vehicles with certain number plates from driving on a certain day. This reduces carbon monoxide by 330 tones every day,

Education- “FUNDEF” is a scheme set up in mid 2000’s to supplement local funding for teachers pay,

Job Provision - Policy of moving toward slum improvement rather than demolishing it. Slums near richer areas allows people to get jobs as maids and watchmen, etc.

Geography (12 decks)

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