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Geography > Coasts > Flashcards

Coasts Flashcards

1
Q

Mass Movement?

A

Downhill movement of sediment that occurs due to gravity,

Can happen because of 4 things.

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2
Q

Four Ways Mass Movement Happens?

A

Rockfall,

Landslide,

Mudflow,

Rotational Slip.

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3
Q

Rockfall?

A

Bits of rock fall off cliff, usually due to freeze thraw.

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4
Q

Landslide?

A

Large blocks of rock slide down the slope.

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5
Q

Rotational Slip?

A

Saturated rock slumps down a curved surface.

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6
Q

Mudflow?

A

Saturated soil flows down a slips.

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7
Q

Types Of Erosion?

A

Abrasion,
Attrition,
Hydraulic Action,
Solution (Corrosion).

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8
Q

Notch?

A

Bit under cliff that gets worn away quicker.

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9
Q

What Causes Erosion At Coasts?

A

Destructive Waves.

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10
Q

Fetch?

A

How far the wave has travelled.

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11
Q

Waves Are Created By?

A

Wind that blows over the sea surface.

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12
Q

Waves Are Affected By?

A

Strength of wind,
Fetch,
How long wind blows for.

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13
Q

Short Fetch?

A

Less that 200m.

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14
Q

Long Fetch?

A

200km to 8000km.

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15
Q

Constructive Waves?

A

Low waves,

Strong swash,

Weak backwash,

Doesn’t remove sediment on beach,

Further apart waves.

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16
Q

Swash?

A

Water that rushes up beach after a wave.

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17
Q

Backwash?

A

Water that washes back toward the sea after swash.

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18
Q

Destructive Waves?

A

High waves in proportion to le
Weak backwash,

Strong backwash,

Weak swash,

Removes sediment,

Waves are steep and close together.

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19
Q

Weathering?

A

Rocks that are broken down through weathering.

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20
Q

Three Types Of Weathering?

A

Freeze Thaw,

Biological,

Chemical.

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21
Q

Freeze Thaw Weathering?

A

Occurs in rock cracks, porous rocks or permeable rocks,

Water goes into rock,
Freezes when temperature drops,
Cracks expand,
Water melts again and drops further in rock,
Rock splits,
Process repeats
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22
Q

Porus?

A

Rocks have holes in them.

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23
Q

Permeable?

A

Allows water to pass through them.

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24
Q

Biological Weathering?

A

Plants and animals effect rocks,

Roots deepen into rocks and weaken the rock.

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25
Q

Chemical Weathering?

A

Rainwater and sea water contains weak acid,

Limestone and chalk prone to this.

26
Q

Long Shore Drift?

A

Movement of material along coasts,

Approach coast at angle and is carried back straight.

27
Q

Sedimentary?

A

Formed in layers,

Less resistant,

Can take millions of years to form,

Made of DEAD SEA CREATURES,

Chalk and sandstone.

28
Q

Igneous?

A

Resistant,

Molten rock cools to form this,

Basalt and granite.

29
Q

Metaphoric?

A

These rocks form when igneous or sedimentary are out under great pressure or placed in heat,

Very resistant,

Slate and marble.

30
Q

Tor?

A

Tower of rocks,

Resistant rocks are left standing because they have less freeze thaw crack in them,

Weaker rocks fall.

31
Q

Limestone Pavements Created?

A

Limestone is made of blocks with horizontal planes and vertical joints (cracks are called joints),

Rainwater goes through cracks,

Chemical weathering,

Makes the joints and planes larger,

Cracks deepen and widen to form grykes,

The blocks of limestone left are called clints.

32
Q

Headland?

A

More resistant rock makes the rock stand out.

33
Q

Bays?

A

Less resistant rock gets eroded quicker and forms a dent in the coast.

34
Q

Concordant Coastlines?

A

Alternative layers of hard and soft rock,

Hard rock acts as a barrier to the sea.

35
Q

Discordant Coastlines?

A

Have rocks at right angles to the sea,

Forms bays.

36
Q

Upland Landscape?

A

Tors,

Limestone Pavements,

Grykes,

Clints.

37
Q

Lowland Landscapes?

A

Downs,

Dry Valleys,

Escarpments,

Springs.

38
Q

Wave Cut Platforms?

A

When the sea erodes the cliff, where the sea level is, and makes a wave cut notch,

This notch erodes more and makes a wave cut platform.

39
Q

Old Harry’s Rock Is An Example Of?

A

Arches, stacks and stumps.

40
Q

Formation Of A Stump?

A

Sea erodes a cave at the greatest line of weakness,

Cave depends and begins to crack more,

An arch is formed,

Erosion takes place till the two cliffs are separate.

41
Q

Shingle?

A

Beach made of pebbles.

42
Q

Spits Created?

A

Long narrow stretch of sediment with one side in sea and other on land,

This happens when longshore drift is interrupted and deposition takes place,

This sediment builds up,

Salt marsh forms behind the spit because energy is low here and is protected from the waves.

43
Q

Bars Are Formed By?

A

When a spit forms in a bag, it may start to build across it and form a bar,

This only happens on a gently sloping beach,

There can’t be a river entering the sea,

Slapton Ley In Devon.

44
Q

What Effects Erosion On Coast?

A

Wind speed and fetch makes wind waves stronger which makes hydronic action stronger,

Freeze thaw can cause more erosion, this depends on weather,

Storms, is the area prone to them?,

Type of rock on coastline (resistant? less resistant?).

45
Q

Human Activities Effecting Coastline?

A

Building of coastline defences,

Urbanisation,

Agriculture,

Leisure.

46
Q

Sea Walls?

A

Walls of concrete used to prevent erosion,

Most expensive but effective,

Great deal of time to build,

Can make people feel secure,

Ruins landscape visuals.

47
Q

Groynes?

A

Wooded or stone fences,

Cheap,

Good for tourism,

Vulnerable to a little erosion,

Negative visuals.

48
Q

Beach Replenishment?

A

Add shingle and sand to beach where it has eroded,

Natural sea defence,

Cheap,

Attract tourists,

Local workmen,

Doesn’t ruin visuals.

49
Q

Managed Retreat?

A

Do nothing,

Allow to erode and create salt,

Low value,

No tourists,

Cheap option,

No local jobs.

50
Q

Rock Armour?

A

Involves dumping huge boulders of rock at base of cliff,

Relatively cheap,

Ruin visuals slightly.

51
Q

Breakwater?

A

Barrier built off the coastline that breaks the waves when they come in contact with the barrier,

Waves loose energy,

No reduction in tourism,

Natural,

Can be expensive,

Some people think they ruin visuals.

52
Q

Case Study?

A

Isle of Purbeck.

53
Q

Isle Of Purbeck Coastline?

A

Has headlands, bays and stacks,

Concordant coastline to South of promontory,

Discordant coastline to East,

Landscape formed due to type of rock,

To the East, rock is hard and soft and forms to right angles to the sea.

54
Q

Less Resistant Rock In Isle Of Purbeck Where?

A

Studland Bay has clay,

Greensand and
Swanage Bay are together and have clay,

Portland has limestone,

EAST COASTLINE.

55
Q

More Resistant Rock In Isle Of Purbeck Where?

A

Ballard Down has chalk,

Durlston Head Made of Purbeck limestone,

EAST COASTLINE.

56
Q

Coastal Defences In Isle Of Purbeck?

A

2005-2006, 18 grounds built in Swanage Bay,

Human development in Swanage Town,

Tourism,

Geology (hard and soft rock),

Landslips are very common here.

57
Q

Coastal Recession?

A

The gradual movement backwards of the coastline, which is the diving line between land and sea.

58
Q

Coastal Flooding?

A

The inundation of land close to sea by seawater.

59
Q

How Has Coastal Recession Affected England?

A

1000 out of 2800 miles of England coastline are classified at being risk from erosion,

Seaton in Devon will not be defended after 2025 because it is a small town,

Over time, pubs there and homes will be lost to the sea due to coastal recession,

People will loose jobs and money invested in their homes,

This also effects transport networks.

60
Q

Environmental Effects Of Coastal Recession?

A

National Trust area called Golden Cap,

Cliff there has receded 40m in the past 20 years.

This means animals and birds are loosing breeding ground.

61
Q

How Many Properties Are At Risk Of Flooding In England?

A

2.1 million properties,

50% of these are risk from the sea.

Geography (12 decks)

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