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DC GCSE Geography > Rivers > Flashcards

Rivers Flashcards

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1
Q

What features could mean that the river has a high risk of flooding?

A
  • Heavy rain
  • No trees
  • Impermeable rocks
  • Lots of surface runoff
  • Frozen ground
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2
Q

What features could mean that the river has a low risk of flooding?

A
  • Light rain
  • Permeable rock
  • Not much surface runoff
  • Forest
  • Dams
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3
Q

What are the four types of erosion?

A
  • Attrition
  • Solution
  • Corrasion or Abration
  • Hydraulic action
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4
Q

What is the highest waterfall in the UK located on the River Tee’s?

A
  • High Force Waterfall
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5
Q

How is a waterfall formed

A
  1. Hard impermeable rock can’t be eroded
  2. The water erodes the soft permeable rock via corrosion and abrasion
  3. The hard rock is eventually undercut and it collapses into the plunge pool
  4. This moves the waterfall back upstream leaving behind a gauge
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6
Q

How are interlocking spurs formed?

A
  • The river erodes the landscape in the upper course via corrosion and abrasion.
  • It winds and bends to avoid areas of hard rock. This creates interlocking spurs
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7
Q

How are meanders formed?

A
  • Erosion and deposition
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8
Q

What is the key term that is used for the cork screw motion in the outer bend of the in meanders?

A
  • Helicordal flow
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9
Q

State the four methods of river transportation?

A
  • Traction (rolling of boulders and pebbles along the river bed)
  • Saltation (Particles bounce along river bed)
  • Suspension (When fine particles are held in water while its moving)
  • Deposition (Where material gets deposited)
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10
Q

How is a Levee formed?

A
  • When the river overflows its banks, the velocity decreases and sediment is deposited
  • Coarser sands are dropped closer to the river and finer silts are carried further.
  • Over the years, Levee are raised
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11
Q

How is a floodplain formed?

A
  • When a river floods, it deposits silt
  • Layers of silt build up to provide a thick layer of fertile alluvium
  • This makes the land perfect for farming
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12
Q

State some hard engineering techniques and some postive and negative things about them?

A
  • Dams and Reservoirs: Positive/ Lots of power produced, controls flooding. Negative/ Expensive, Causes landslides
  • Straighening meanders: Positive/ Shorter distance, Ships can get through. Negative/ Less capacity in river, Unatural, Expensive.
  • Embankments: Positive/ Holds more water, looks ok. Neagtive/ Expensive, Unsustainable
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13
Q

State some soft engineering techniques and some postive and negative things about them?

A
  • Flood warnings and preparation: Positive/ Gives people knowledge that a flood is coming, good for wildlife. Negative/ Not always accurate, floods happen quickly.
  • Floodplain zoning: Postive/ Looks natural, good for wildlife. Negative/ Limited places you can build
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14
Q

How much of the UK is moorland enviroment?

A
  • 1/4 of the enviroment in the UK is moorland
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15
Q

What was one of the most important ports in the industrial revolution located on the river Tee’s?

A

Stockton

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16
Q

What did they use to make Stockton more assecible and why?

A
  • There were to many meanders between Stockton and the sea
  • This prevented big ships from getting through
  • As the victorians wern’t enviromentaly freindly, they used meander straightning to create a 3km artificial line from Stockton to the sea.
17
Q

What are some landforms you would find in the upper course of a river?

A
  • Large angular bedload
  • Lots of abrasion
  • Interlocking spurs
  • V-shaped valleys
  • Waterfalls
18
Q

What are some landforms you would find in the middle course of a river?

A
  • Meanders
  • Ox-box lakes
  • Farmland
  • Levees
  • Floodplains
  • Smoother and smaller bedload
19
Q

What are some landforms you would find in the lower course of a river?

A
  • Silt and fine particles in bedload
  • Farmland
  • Industry (shipping)
  • Seal Sands (on Tee’s) based on estuary and has been reclaimed
  • Estuary (where it gets tidal)
20
Q

What two things change the cross profile of a river?

A
  1. Verticle erosion
  2. Lateral erosion
21
Q

Where does deposition occur in rivers?

A
  • Inside of bend
22
Q

What are the three courses of a river?

A
  • Upper course
  • Middle course
  • Lower course
23
Q

Define Traction

A
  • Large particles like boulders are pushed along the river bed by the force of the water
24
Q

Define suspension

A
  • Small particles like silt and clay are carried along by the water
25
Q

Define Saltation

A
  • Pebble sized particles are bounced along the river bed by the force of the water
26
Q

Define solution

A
  • Soluble materials dissolve in the water and are carried along
27
Q

How is a floodplain formed?

A
  1. Flood plain is the wide valley floor on either side of a river which gets flooded
  2. When a river floods, the water slows down and deposits the eroded material that it’s transporting. This builds up the flood plain (makes it higher.
  3. Meanders migrate downstream flattening out the valley floor
  4. The deposition that happens on the slip off slopes of meanders also builds up the flood plain

DC GCSE Geography (17 decks)

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