river landscapes

Question 1

hydraullic action

Answer 1

-force of water wearing down rock

Question 2

abrasion

Answer 2

-sediment/rock grinding down material along the river bed as it moves

Question 3

attrition

Answer 3

-rocks collide with eachother, causing them to break apart

Question 4

upper course characteristics

Answer 4

-cold and wet climate
-v shaped valleys
-fast flowing, high carrying capacity, flows downhill
-narrow
-shallow
-high erosion, high hydraullic action
-large jagged rocks, rocks havent been in river long enough
-waterfalls

Question 5

middle course characteristics

Answer 5

-meanders
-ox bow lakes
-flood plains
-levees
-small villages
-farms
-wide
-flood plains
-rounded off pebbles, due to hydraullic action
-deep, abrasion against river bed

Question 6

lower course characteristics

Answer 6

-lots of human activity
-deltas
-fine sediment deposition
-slow flowing
-flood plain

Question 7

how are v shaped valleys

Answer 7

1)hydraullic action and abrasion, river erodes downwards
2)the steep sides are attacked by weathering, this breaks up and loosens the soil and rock
3)loosned material collapses beacuse of gravity, and washed into the river by rain water

Question 8

formation of a waterfall

Answer 8

1) fast flowing water in upper course meets a different in rock type\
2) softer secondary rock is eroded faster, creating a plunge pool, falling water and boulders wear away the softer rock
3)hard rock above is undercut
4)hard rock collapses into the plunge pool, position of the water fall moves back leaving behind a gorge, moves it way upstream

Question 9

formation of a pothole:

Answer 9

1)river water is swirled around in irregularities in the river bed creating verticles eddies
2) rocks get swept into small depressions and abrode the hallow, rocks are called grinders
3)process continues deepening and enlarging the pothole

Question 10

formation of a meander

Answer 10

faster flowing water on the outside, causing erosion. River flows slower on inside, deposition takes place, narrowing the river. Continued arosion bends meander more

Question 11

deltas

Answer 11

slow flowing river causes river to split into distubutaries, due to less hydraullic action, creating islands of sediment (deposition)

Question 12

causes of river flooding

Answer 12

-flood plains
-increased urbanizations, infiltartion
-intense rainfall
-prolonged rainfall
-geoglogy, permaeble rocks allow water to flow throw pores and cracks, impermaeble rocks do not
-deforestation, increase surface run off
-

Question 13

impact of flooding on property

Answer 13

-permanent structureal damage
-water intrusion
-damages rooftops
-cracks in foundation
-fraged electrical wiring

Question 14

impact of flooding on transport

Answer 14

-roads closed, increased traffic congestion, traffic delays, diverting routes
-damage of transport networks
-coastal airport damage
-safety risks, increased road accidents

Question 15

impact of flooding on business/economy

Answer 15

-lost productivity
-economic activity slows down
-resource inflow slows

Question 16

impact of flooding financial

Answer 16

-repair and restorations
-belongings and inventory replacment
-lost wages and business incomes
-decline in property value and base tax

Question 17

impact of flooding on health

Answer 17

-water borne and vector borne diseases, cholera and typhoid
-strain health services, loss of porfessionals, and lack of access to medicine
-drowning
-injuries, collapses debris
-population displacement

Question 18

hard engineering

Answer 18

-coastal managment technique used to protect coasts by absorbing energy of waves, preventing erosion and flooding, building infrastructures

Question 19

soft engineering

Answer 19

-coastal managment that doesnt involve constructing articfical structures, used to help reduce coastal erosion and river flooding

Question 20

examples soft engineering

Answer 20

-flood warning and preparations
-planting trees, afforestation
-river restoration

Question 21

examples of hard engineering

Answer 21

-dams and resevoirs
-flood relief channels
-floodplain zoning
-raised embankments
-river straightening and dredging

Question 22

evapotranspiration

Answer 22

evaporation of water from the surface

Question 23

sublimation

Answer 23

glacier to water vapour

Question 24

soil infiltration

Answer 24

downward entry of water into soil

Question 25

percolation

Answer 25

water moves downwards into soil by gravity