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coasts Flashcards

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1
Q

characteristics of constructive waves

A

-swash: strong
-backwash: weak
-beach slope: gently sloping
-wave strength: low
-wave height: under 1m
-wave frequency: low

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2
Q

characteristics of deconstructive waves

A

-swash: weak
-backwash: strong
-beach slope: steep slope
-wave strength: strong
-wave height: over 1m
-wave frequency: high

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3
Q

transportation

A

load is transported by the water, the large and heavier the load the greater the velocity needed to transport it

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3
Q

longshore drift

A

transport if sediment along a stretch of coastline

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4
Q

deposition

A

when material that is being transported is dropped by constructive waves

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5
Q

corrosion or solution

A

chemical reaction- acidity of water dissolves the rock

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6
Q

why are some coastlines more vulnerable to erosion than other

A

rock type- softer rock is eroded faster than hard rock

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7
Q

why do cliffs form

A

processes of weathering and erosion with the effect of gravity

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8
Q

what are the features of a cliff

A

-steep slope
-usually a rock face
-nearly vertical, may be overhanging

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9
Q

wave cut platform

A

as erosion continues, the wave cut notch becomes deeper and eventually the material above the notch will collapse. If this is a cliff line, then the cliff will retreat inland. This will leave behind a platform of hard rock that was once part of a cliff, but is only exposed at low tide

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10
Q

spit

A

a beach of sand or shingle linked at one end of land. Found where wave energy is reduced, caused by longshore drift

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11
Q

beach

A

accumilation of material deposited between low spring tides at high frequency and the highest point reached by storms at high spring tides

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12
Q

features of a beach

A

backshore
foreshore
off-shore

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13
Q

tombolos def

A

spits connecting an island to the mainland

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14
Q

bars def

A

ridges of sand or shingle acrss the entrance of a bay or river mouth

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15
Q

headlands def

A

areas of more resistant rock jutting out from the coast into the sea

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16
Q

bay def

A

a broad coastal inlet, often curved and with a beach, between two headlands

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17
Q

stack def

A

an isolated column of rock at the end of a headland formed after a stack has collapsed

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18
Q

arch def

A

a rock bridge formed at a headland that has been partly broken through by the sea

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19
Q

cave def

A

a hollow at the base of a cliff which has been eroded by rocks

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20
Q

what will happen if the coastline alternates between soft and hard rock

A

differntial erosion will take place resulting in a disconcordant coastline

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21
Q

traction

A

Large rocks and boulders are rolled along the sea bed by strong waves, usually happens during storms

22
Q

saltation

A

Small stones and pebbles are bounced along the sea bed, moving them along the coast

23
Q

suspension

A

Sand and silt are carried by water, making the water look murky

24
Q

coral reef def

A

formed through the build-up and compression of the skeletons of lime secreting, marine animals called polyps

25
Q

types of coral reef

A

barrier
fringe
atoll

26
Q

condintions for coral reefs to form

A

temp has to be 22-25 degrees
depth of water had to be less than 25m
water has be clear for lots of sunlight
low salinaty
low sediment
high energy wave action for freshly oxygenated water
exposure to air

27
Q

where are mangerove swamps found

A

along coastliens between 30 north and 30 south of the equator.

28
Q

magrove swamps def

A

tidal swamps that are dominated by mangroves (shrubs or small trees with numerous tangled roots that grow above ground

29
Q

adaptattions of mangroves

A

low oxygen conditions
low salt intake in tree
low water loss
aerial roots to absorb nutrients
the seeds float

30
Q

roles of mangroves

A

coastal protection
breeding ground
source of food, medicine and raw materials

31
Q

managing impacts of coastal erosion

A

sea walls
revetment
gabions
rock armour
groynes
beach replenishment

32
Q

assessments on how to defend a coast:

A

cost-benefit analysis
environmental impact assements
shoreline management plan

33
Q

wherer do salt marshes form

A

sheltered bays and estuaries in the protected area behind a spit or tombolo and in brackish water

34
Q

Holderness coast

A

-long fetch NE wind, deconstructive waves
-fastest eroding coastline in the world, 2m every year

35
Q

Holderness coast impacts

A

-economic impacts for local people, cannot sell their homes since it is too dangerous to live in
-communities being lost
-Bridgeton hotel- lost their jobs due to it collapsing
-farmers have lost areas of their farms lost money
-tourism, golf course
-gas terminal, 25% of the UKs gas supply, 25m from cliff edge, Easington, may need to be moved inland at a huge cost

36
Q

bar

A

a bar of sand, can also form offshre due to the action of breaking waves from a beach

37
Q

lagoon

A

small body of water is cut off from the sea
may form behind a bar or tombolo
do not last forever and may fill with sediment and form new land

38
Q

sand dunes formation

A

-wind blown sand is deposited against an obstruction, such as pebble or driftwood
-as more sad particles are caught, the dunes grow in size forming rows bat right angles to the prevailing wind
-in a proces sof recession, vegetation will eventually colonise and fix the rdiges of the dunes

39
Q

what do pioneer species have to cope with in sand dunes

A

-salinity
-lack of moisture as sand drains quickly (highly permaeble)
-wind
-temporary submergence by wind- blown sand
-rising sea levels

40
Q

what factors influence the distrubution of coral reefs

A

-temperature
-light
-water
-salinity, 32-42% salt water

41
Q

characteristics of mangroves

A

-trees that live on the coastline
-sit in water 0.5-2.5 metres high
- range in small shrubs to trees over 60m high
-numerous tangled roots
-need high levels of humidity (75%-80%)
-need 1500mm to 3000mm of rainfall
-ideal temp of 27 degrees
-filtration system to keep salt out

42
Q

coastal opportunities

A

-homes
-shopes
-hotels
-schools
-roads
-restaurants
-nature reserves
-swimming and sports
-industry
-fishing and aquaculture
-tourism
-agriculture
-ports and harbours

43
Q

coastal hazards

A

-urbanization and transport
-industry
-agirculture
-fisheries and aquaculture
-tourism and recreation

44
Q

natural coastal hazard

A

storm surges and storms tides

45
Q

beach replenishment

A

-dumping sand and shingle back into a beach to replace eroded material
-AD: beaches abosrb wave energy, widens beach front
-DD: has to be repeated regulary, expensive, impact sediment transportation

46
Q

replacing vegetation

A

-helps stabalise beaches or sand dunes
-reduces wind erosion
-cheap
-hard to protect larger areas of coastline

47
Q

cliff re-grading

A

-the angle of the cliff is reduced to reduce mass movement
-prevents sudden loss of large sections of cliff
-doesnt stop cliff erosion

48
Q

managed retreat

A

-existing coastal defences are abandoned allowing the sea to flood until it reaches higher land or a new line of defences

49
Q

-sea wall

A

-a wall, usually concreate, and curved outwards ti deflect the power of the waves
-most effective at preventing erosion and flooding
-very expensive to build and maintain

50
Q

groynes

A

-wood, rock or steel piling buildt at right angles to the shore, which traps beach materal being moved by longshore drift
-slows down beach erosion
-starves other beaches of sand
-need maintanence to prevent wood rot

51
Q

rip-rap

A

-large boulders are piled up to protect a stretch of coasts
-cheaper method of construction
-absorbs wave energy
-protects cliffs behind
- boulders can be eroded or dislodged during heavy storms

52
Q

gabions

A

wire cages filled with stone, concrete, sand ect
-cheapest form of coastal defence
-cages absorb wave energy
-wire cages can break and they need to be securley tied down

53
Q

revetments

A

-slopping wooden or concrete fence with an open plank structure
-works to break the forces of the waves
-traps material behind them
-not effective in stormy condintions
-can make beach inaccessible for people

geography (8 decks)

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