food production Flashcards
arable farming
cultivate crops and are not involved with livestock
pastoral farming
keep livestock such as dairy cattle, beef cattle, sheep and pigs
mixed farming
involves cultivating crops and keeping livestock together on a farm
subsistence farming
most basic form of agriculture, in which produce is consumed entirely or mainly by the family who work the land or tend the livestock
commercial farming
to sell everything that the farm produces
the aim is to maximise yields in order to achive the highest profits possible
extensive farming
low inputs of capital and labour compared with large amount of land used. low yield.
intensive farming
high inputs of capital and labour compared with small amount of land used. high yield.
horticulture
growing flowers/shrubs/trees
market garden
growing fruit and vegetables commercially on a small scale
organic farming
does not use manufactured chemicals, so production is without the use of chemical fertilisers, pestacides, intesticides and herbacides
-animal and green manures are used along with mineral fertilisers
inputs:
factors that go into a farm
processes
activities that take place on a farm to convert inputs to outputs
ouputs:
the products made on the farm
physical causes of lack of food
drought
floods
pests and disease
climate
overpopulation
economic causes of lack of food
low capital investment
poor distribution or transport difficulties
political causes of lack of food
war/conflict
what do factory farms and market gardens require
large inputs of energy.
what does shifting cultivation require
good - quality soils and flat land
what do commercial farms require
large areas of land for machines to plough and irrigate. warmer temperatures desirable.
what are colder climates with poor quality soils often used for
nomadic herding
impacts of food shortages
food insecurity
famine
soil erosion
rising prices/inflation
social unrest
Examples of physical inputs for an arable farm
Seeds
Capital and machinery
Fertilisers and pesticides
Example of a human input for an arable farm
Labour
Examples of processes for an arable farm
Ploughing
Weeding
Harvesting
Examples of outputs for an arable farm
Wheat
Rice
Physical inputs of a pastoral farm
Animals
Gentle relief
Processes of a pastoral farm
Shearing
Dairying
Outputs of a pastoral farm
Wool and hides
Manure
Milk
possible solution to food shortages
-relief food aid:delivered directly to people in crisis
-programme food aid:provided to the government of a country for sale in local markets
-project food aid: targeted at specific groups of people as part of longer term of people as part of longer-term development work
green revolution
-package of agriculture improvments
-as the answer to the food problems in many parts of the developing world
-India: first countries to benefit when a high-yielding variety seed programme started 1966-67
case study agricultural system
-intensive rice production in lower ganges valley
-india, bangladesh
-temperatures of 21 degrees
-monsoon rainfall of over 2000mm
-dry season for harvesting the rice
case study food shortage
-sudan and south sudan
-2011, long civil war (lasted 20 years) caused droughts
physical factors of famine in sudan
-long term decline of rainfaill in south sudan
-increased rainfall variability
-increased use of marginal land leading to degradation
-flooding
social factors of famine in sudan
-high population growth
-high female illteracy rates
-poor infant health
-increased threats of AIDS
argicultural factors of famine in sudan
-low and falling use of fertiliser
-lack of food surplus for use in a crisis
-static or falling crop yields
economic or political factors of famine in sudan
-high dependency on farming of labpur force
-dependency on food imports
-limited access to markets to buy food or infrastructure to distrubute it
-debt limit social and economic spending
-high military spending
