Risk factors for important conditions

Question 1

What are the RF for an ectopic pregnancy ?

Answer 1

ANYTHING THAT SLOWS THE PASSAGE OF THE OVUM TO THE UTERUS :

• Damage to tubes (PID, surgery)
• Previous ectopic
• Endometriosis
• IUCD
• POP
• IVF

Question 2

RF for myelodysplastic syndrome

Answer 2

• Older age
• Previous chemotherapy or radiotherapy.

Question 3

RF for a DVT

Answer 3

• Immobility
• Recent surgery
• Long haul travel
• Pregnancy
• Hormone therapy with oestrogen
• Malignancy
• Polycythaemia
• Systemic lupus erythematosus
• Thrombophilia

Question 4

RF that predispose someone to developing an AKI

Answer 4

• Older age (e.g., above 65 years)
• Sepsis
• CKD
• Heart failure
• Diabetes
• Liver disease
• Cognitive impairment (leading to reduced fluid intake)
• Medications (e.g., NSAIDs, gentamicin, diuretics and ACE inhibitors)
  Radiocontrast agents (e.g., used during CT scans)

Question 5

RF for a urogenital prolapse

Answer 5

• Multiple vaginal deliveries
• Instrumental, prolonged or traumatic delivery
• Advanced age and postmenopause status
• Obesity
• Chronic respiratory disease causing coughing
• Chronic constipation causing straining

Question 6

RF for urinary incontinence

Answer 6

• Increased age
• Postmenopausal status
• Increase BMI
• Previous pregnancies and vaginal deliveries
• Pelvic organ prolapse
• Pelvic floor surgery
• Neurological conditions, such as multiple sclerosis
• Cognitive impairment and dementia

Question 7

RF for bacterial vaginosis

Answer 7

• Multiple sexual partners
• Excessive vaginal cleaning
• Recent antibiotics
• Smoking
• Copper coil

Question 8

RF for thrush

Answer 8

• Increased oestrogen (higher in pregnancy, lower pre-puberty and post-menopause)
• Poorly controlled diabetes
• Immunosuppression (e.g. using corticosteroids)
• Broad-spectrum antibiotics

Question 9

Give 6 RF for developing PID

Answer 9

• Not using barrier contraception
• Multiple sexual partners
• Younger age
• Existing sexually transmitted infections
• Previous PID
• Copper coil

Question 10

RF for gestational DM

Answer 10

• Previous gestational diabetes
• Previous macrosomic baby (≥ 4.5kg)
• BMI > 30
• Ethnic origin (black Caribbean, Middle Eastern and South Asian)
• Family history of diabetes (first-degree relative)

Question 11

Give 3 RF for vasa praevia

Answer 11

Low lying placenta
IVF pregnancy
Multiple pregnancy

Question 12

RF for placenta praevia

Answer 12

• Previous c section
• Previous placenta praevia
• Older maternal age
• Maternal smoking
• Structural uterine abnormalities (e.g. fibroids)
• Assisted reproduction (e.g. IVF)

Question 13

RF for placental abruption

Answer 13

• Previous placental abruption
• Pre-eclampsia
• Trauma
• Multiple pregnancy
• Increased maternal age
• Smoking
• Cocaine or amphetamine use

Question 14

RF for placenta accreta

Answer 14

• Previous placenta accreta
• Previous endometrial curettage procedures (e.g. for miscarriage or abortion)
• PREVIOUS C SECTIOn
• Multigravida
• Increased maternal age
• Low-lying placenta or PLACENTAL PRAEVIA

Question 15

Gout RF

Answer 15

• Male
• Family history
• Obesity
• High purine diet (e.g., meat and seafood)
• Alcohol
• Diuretics
• CVD
• CKD

Question 16

what is seen on aspiration of joint fluid in gout ?

Answer 16

• Needle shaped negatively birefringement crystals of monosodium urate

Question 17

Major risk factors for osteoporosis

Answer 17

• History of glucocorticoid use
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Alcohol excess
• History of parental - - Hip fracture
• Low BMI
• Current smoking

Question 18

RF for SGA

Answer 18

Previous SGA baby
Obesity
Smoking
Diabetes
Existing hypertension
Pre-eclampsia
Older mother (over 35 years)
Multiple pregnancy
Low pregnancy‑associated plasma protein‑A (PAPPA)
Antepartum haemorrhage
Antiphospholipid syndrome

Question 19

RF for stillbirth

Answer 19

Fetal growth restriction
Smoking
Alcohol
Increased maternal age
Maternal obesity
Twins
Sleeping on the back (as opposed to either side)

Question 20

RF for uterine rupture

Answer 20

MAIN : previous c section
Vaginal birth after caesarean (VBAC)
Previous uterine surgery
Increased BMI
High parity
Increased age
Induction of labour
Use of oxytocin to stimulate contractions

Question 21

RF for colorectal cancer

Answer 21

• Family history of bowel cancer
• Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)
• Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), also known as Lynch syndrome
• Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s or ulcerative colitis)
• Increased age
• Diet (high in red and processed meat and low in fibre)
• Obesity and sedentary lifestyle
• Smoking
• Alcohol