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SF2 - Test 2 > Risher - Development of Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Risher - Development of Central Nervous System Flashcards

1. Understand how early embryonic development results in the formation of the neural tube and the various derivatives of the neural crest. 2. Identify the 3 and 5 vesicle stages of development and what mature CNS regions they give rise to. 3. Discuss abnormalities of CNS development.

1
Q

Embryonic Germ Layers - Gives Rise to?

A

Ectoderm - CNS / PNS, parts of skin

Mesoderm - Blood vessels, bones, muscles

Endoderm - Inner lining of organs such as liver and pancrease

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2
Q

Germ layer origin of notochord?

Role?

A

Mesodermal

Induces neural plate development

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3
Q

Neurulation

A

Fusion of the Neural Tube (complete by day 28)

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4
Q

Brain Vesicle Formation and Differentiation:

Developing Structure - Mature Structure

  1. Telencephalon - ?
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Mesencephalon
  4. Metencephalon
  5. Myelencephalon
A
  1. Telencephalon - Cerebral Hemispheres
  2. Diencephalon - Thalamus
  3. Mesencephalon - Midbrain
  4. Metencephalon - Pons, Cerebellum
  5. Myelencephalon - edulla`
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5
Q

3 Vesicle Stage

Developing Structure - Mature Structure

A

Prosencephalon - Forebrain

Msesncephalon - Midbrain

Rhombencephalon - Hindbrain

Spinal Cord

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6
Q

5 Vesicle Stage

Developing Structure - Mature Structure

A

Telencephalon - Cerebral Hemisphere

Diencephalon - Thalamus

Optic Vessicle - Retina

Mesencephalon - Midbrain

Metencephalon - Pons

Myelencephalon - Medulla

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7
Q

Neural portion of the eye is derived from what?

A

Retina dericed from prosencephalon that gives rise to diencephalon

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8
Q

Spinal cord derivation?

Layers of Neural Tube?

A

Spinal cord derived from Posterior region of Neural Tube

In order of formation:

  1. Ventricular
  2. Mantle
  3. Marginal
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9
Q

Mantle Layer

Contains?

Becomes?

Marginal Layer

Becomes?

A

Contains primary neuronal cell bodies

Becomes grey matter in CNS

Axons extend into the Marginal Layer

- - -

Becomes white matter in CNS

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10
Q

What is neurocyte (immature neuron) migration organized around in spinal cord development?

What is the difference between Dorsal and Ventral Neurocytes?

A

Sulcus Limitans

Dorsal - Alar Plate (sensory)

Ventral - Basal Plate (motor)

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11
Q

Myelencephalon

Develops to?

Organization of Sensory / Motor

A

Medulla

Lateral = Sensory

Medial = Motor

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12
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

2 areas where neural tube does not fuse or close initially, main function is to produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Also act as blood/CSF barrier

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13
Q

Metencephalon

Develops to?

What are these derived from?

A

Pons & Cerebellum

Pons - Tegmentum, Basilar Pons

Cerebellum - Derived from Dorsal Alar Plate

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14
Q

Mesencephalon

Develops into?

Alar Plate develops?

Basal Plate develops?

What does the anterior portion contain?

A

Midbrain

Alar Plate - Superior (visual) Colliculus, Inferior (auditory) Colliculus

Basal Plate - CN IV, CN III

Anterior portion contains cerebral peduncle, motor tracts from cortex

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15
Q

Origin of Diencephalon?

What does it develop to?

What are these all derived from?

A

Prosencephalon

Epithalamus, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Subthalamus

All derived from various aspect of the Alar Plate

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16
Q

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

A

Thalamus - Sensory relay center of the brain

Hypothalamus - Controls autonomic function through hormones (via pituitary gland)

17
Q

Hypophysis (Pituitary Gland)

A

Most common cause of hypopituitarism in childrin

Remnant of Rathke’s Pouch, congenital cystic tumor

18
Q

Telencephalon

Develops to?

Direction of migration?

A

Develops to Cerebral Cortex

Migrates from mantle into marginal layer

19
Q

Neocortex vs Allocortex

What regions belong to the Allocortex?

A

Neo = 6 layers

Allo = 3 layers (smaller)

Allocortex regions:

  1. Paleocortex (Olfactory)
  2. Archicortex (Hippocampal)
20
Q

Corpus Striatum

Emerges from?

Gives rise to?

A

Emerges from floor of lateral telencephalic vesicle

Gives rise to:

  1. Caudate nucleus
  2. Putamen
  3. Amygdaloid Nucleus
  4. Claustrum
  5. Globus Pallidus
    - - -

2 & 5 Together make lentiform nucleus, which is separated from the caudate nucleus by the internal capsule

21
Q

What makes the basal ganglia?

What clinical conditions are involved with this structure?

A

Caudate, Putamen, Globus Pallidus, Substantia Nigra

Vulnerable in movement disorders such as Huntington’s and Parkinson’s

22
Q

Critical Periords for Neuronal/Synaptic Development

A

1st Critical Period: Rapid neuronal proliferation between 4th and 6th month (Zika Virus infects neural stem cells and reduces their numbers)

2nd Critical Period: Neuron process (axon/dendrite) growth and formation of synaptic connections from 3rd trimester to 2 y.o.

23
Q

Astrocyte

A

Predominant cell type in the brain

Secrete instructive signals that facilitate the formation of synapses between appropriate axon/dendrite pairs

24
Q

Synaptic Refinement

A

Elimination of weak inputs and strengthening of active ones by astrocytes and microglia from 0 - third decade of life

25
Q

Myelination

A

Axon insulation that facilitates synaptic transmission

Begins in 4th fetal month and continues until the end of 2nd postnatal year (corticospinal tracts) compared to decade 3 in the neocortex

26
Q

CNS vs PNS Myelination

A

CNS - Oligodendrocytes

PNS - Schwann Cells

27
Q

Lissencephaly

A

Cephalic disorder resulting form faulty neuronal migration, children have developmental delay, seizure and shortened life expectancy

28
Q

Spina Bifida

Spinal Bifida Occulta

Meningomyelocele

Myeloschisis

A

Neural tube defect where posterior neuropore fails to close properly

Occulta - Vertebral arch defect (least severe)

Meningomyelocele - Most common variation, typically present in Arnold-Chiari malformation

Myeloschisis - Most severe, no skin/meningeal covering

29
Q

Anencephaly

A

Neural tube defect where anterior neuropore fails to close, not compatible with life

30
Q

Encephalocele (cranium bifidum)

A

Ossification defect

Skull fails to close/ossify

May result in hydrocephalus, lumb paralysis, ataxia

Requires reparative surgery; shunts can be insrted to drain CSF

31
Q

Dandy Walker Syndrome

A

Posterior fossa cyst leads to 4th ventrical dilation

Poor cerebellum development, lack of general brain development

32
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Excess CSF from blockage of circulation or overproduction leads to dilation of ventricles

33
Q

Post Closure Defects:

Holoprosencephaly

A

Failure of cleavage and rotation, single ventricle

Can be caused by maternal diabetes, fetal alcohol syndrome risk factors

34
Q

Encephaloclastic Defects

A

Porencephaly/Schizencephaly (loss of tissue)

Hydraencephaly (tissue loss replaced with fluid)

= Loss of tissue

Risk Factor: Materal Coccaine Use

35
Q

Tethered Spinal Cord (Filum Terminale Syndrome)

A

Filum Terminale attached to wall of spinal canal

Weakness and sensory deficits in lower extremities

Transection can significantly alleviate symptoms

36
Q

Cells Derived from Neural Crest during Neural Tube formation?

A

Melanocytes

Schwanna Cells

Adrenal Cells (Chromaffin)

Dorsal Root Ganglion Cells, Cranial Nerve Sensory Cells

Autonomic Ganglion Cells

37
Q
A

SF2 - Test 2 (17 decks)

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