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SF2 - Test 2 > Egleton - Ventricles > Flashcards

Egleton - Ventricles Flashcards

1
Q

What is the third ventricle associated with?

A

Hypothalamus

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2
Q

What type of cells are neurons?

What is a consequence of this?

A

Post-mitotic, if they die they are not replaced

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3
Q

Cranial Dura

A

Outermost layer, adherent to inner surface on the cranial bone

Outer layer Not continuous with dura of spina cord

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4
Q

Dural Septa function?

A

Provide support and protection for the brain

Helps protect against suddent, violent movements

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5
Q

More common in children and adults–

Infratentorial and Supretentorial Tumors?

A

Infratentorial tumors more common in children

Supratentorial tumors more common in adults

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6
Q

Clinical: Dural venous sinuses and impact on brain?

A

Venous sinuses return CSF to systemic circulation

If they become damaged, fluids won’t move and pressure can build up

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7
Q

Clinical: Lesions and the Great Cerebral Vein of Galen?

A

Supretentorial space-occupying lesions can cause this vein to be compromised and block venous flow or cause a compression hemorrhage

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8
Q

Clinica: Infection and the Cavernous Sinus?

A

Receives blood from the face, anastomoses can cause infections to spread to the CNS

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9
Q

Sub-Arachnoid Space

A

CSF is distributed here

All major blood vessels of the brain lie in the subarachnoid space

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10
Q

Cisterns

Four major?

A

CSF pools in there areas

  1. Cerbellomedullar Cistern
  2. Pontine Cistern
  3. Interpeduncular Cistern (major area for CSF), Circle of Willis lies here
  4. Lumbar Cistern, area where spinal tap taken here
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11
Q

Arachnoid Villi

A

Penetrations of Arachnoid into the venous sinuses, allow for passage of CSF back into general circulation

May become calcified and visible in brain scans (normal)

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12
Q

Pia

A

Inner most layer, in elderly CSF can pool in Virchow Robin space, and appear as “bright spots” on T2

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13
Q

Separation of two lateral ventricles?

A

Septum Pellucidum

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14
Q

What connects lateral ventricles to the third venticle?

What forms the walls of the third ventricle?

What connects to the fourth ventricle?

A

Intraventiricular Foramen of Monro

Walls of Thalamus and Hypothalamus

Cerebral Aqueduct of Sylvius

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15
Q

What forms the boundaries for the fourth ventricle?

A

Cerebellum (roof)

Pons/Medulla (floor)

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16
Q

Pineal Body

A

Melatonin

Circadian rhythms

17
Q

Organum Vasculosum of the Lamina Terminalis

A

Measure Sodium

18
Q

Neurohypophysis (Pituitary Gland)

A

Endocrine Organ

Oxytocin, Vasopressin

19
Q

Area Postrema

A

Chemoreceptor trigger zone (vomit center)

20
Q

Hydrocephalus

Non-communicating vs Communicating

A

Excess CSF

Non-communicating: blockage of fluid flow in ventricle, commonly Aqueduct of Sylvius, usually secondary to another disorder, shunt treatment

Communicating: Too much CSF is produced, or not enough removed. Head may swell, can damage brain. May destroy choroid plexus, or reduce CSF w/meds

21
Q

CSF Color:

Clear

Pink or Red

Yellow and Clots Spontaneously

Cloudy or White

Clear to Slightly Cloudy

A

Clear: Normal, sterile

Pink or Red: Blood, Circle of Willis bleed

Yellow and Clots Spontaneously: Increased protein, chronic inflammation (ex. M.S.)

Cloudy or White: Bacterial Meningitis, High protein, low glucose

Clear to Slightly Cloudy: Aseptic Meningitis, Normal protein, glucose; viral

22
Q

Compensated and Uncompensated Mass?

A

Large mass lesions can increase Intracranial Pressure (ICP0 by compression, comprimized blood flow, or herniation of brain

23
Q

Herniations:

  1. Subfalcine
  2. Uncal
  3. Pressure Coning
A

Uncal - Uncus of Temporal Lobe into tentorial notch

Compression of crus cerebri, motor weakness in either side, decreased consciousness, pupillary dilation on ipsilateral side of herniation

- - - -

Pressure Coning - Cerebellat tonsil into Foramen Magnum

Very decreased consciousness, change in vital signs

24
Q

Clinical: Sbarachnoid Hemorrhage

A

Crab of Death!

Pink or red CSF

Most common burst berry aneurysm in Circle of Willis (Anterior part)

Symptom: Sudden onset of severe headache, stiff neck, altered consciousness

25
Q

Clinical: Fractures at base of skull

A

Usually more life threatening

Symptoms: May leak CSF from nose, bleed from auditory canal

High risk of infection

26
Q

Clinical: Epidural Hemorrhage

A

Biconvex disc on CT/MRI

Middle Meningeal Artery

Herniation possible

27
Q

Clinical: Subdural Hemorrhage

A

Bleeding into subdural space between dura and the arachnoid

Not bound by suture lines

Crescent-shaped hematomas

Tear of bridging veins, more common in elderly

28
Q

CTE (Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy)

A

Caused by repeated head trauma, TBIs

Memory loss, paranoid, depression, ataxia

29
Q

Clinical: Neonatal and Pediatric Hydrocephalus

A

Mothers infected with mumps or rubella virus (inflammatory adhesions form and obstruct flow of CSF)

Non-Communicating in Newborns may swell head

Can be fatal!

30
Q

**Clinical: Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension**

A

Increased ICP w/no apprent cause

Signs:

Elevated opening pressure in LP

Pulsatile headaches

Visual disturbances

Risk:

Obese woman

Vitamin A excess

Estrogen birth control

Treatment:

LP, Drugs to lower CSF, Alter meds

Lose weight

31
Q

Clinical: What type of drugs are used to alter CSF production?

A

Inhibit Carbonic anhydrase activity

Reduces activity of bicarb dependent co-transporters

32
Q

Clinical: Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH)

A

Seen in elderly adults

Type of communicating hydrocephalus

May or May Not have increase in ICP

Imbalance in CSF production / reabsorption

Three Major Signs: Gait difficulty, Cognitive disturbance, Urinary incontinence (NO headache, nausea, vision, papilledeme)

Treatment: Shunt

33
Q
A

SF2 - Test 2 (17 decks)

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