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SF2 - Test 2 > Egleton - External Brain Morphology > Flashcards

Egleton - External Brain Morphology Flashcards

1
Q

Forebrain:

Telencephalon

A

Cerebral hemispheres (Cortex, white matter, basal ganglia, basal forebrain nuclei)

Most recently evolved part of the brain

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2
Q

Midbrain: Mesencephalon

A

Cerebral peduncles, midbrain tectum, midbrain tegmentum

Chief role: vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation

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3
Q

Hindbrain:

Metencephalon

A

Cerebellum

Roles: Balance, equilibrium, posture, muscle tone, coordination, timing fo learned skilled motor movements, correction of errors while moving

Midline of Cerebellum = Vermis

Rounded lobule on the bottom of each hemisphere = Tonsil

Pons

Bridges brain to cerebellum via pontine nuclei

Dorsal Zone w/ CN V, VI, VII; Ventral contain pontine nuclei and corticospinal rtact fibers

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4
Q

Forebrain:

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus (dorsal):

Many relay nuclei, which project into cortex

Hypothalamus (ventral):

CNS center for regulation of autonomic and endocrine activity to maintain homeostasis

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5
Q

Mesencephalon: Tectum

A

Dorsal to cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius (can be blocked by lesions)

Involved in visual and auditory reflexes

Pineal tumors can occur in this region, and can cause non-communicating hydrocephalus

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6
Q

Mesencephalon: Tegmentum

A

Extends from aquaduct to substantia nigra

CN III, IV, red nucleus

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7
Q

Mesencephalon: Basal Portion

A

Substantia Nigra located here; major area which degenerates in Parkinson’s

Crus Cerebri located here

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8
Q

Hindbrain:

Myelencephalon

A

Medulla

Site of Pyrimidal decussation (85% fibers, 15% at level of origin)

Contains vital respiratory and cardiovascular centers

CN IX, X, XI, XII

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9
Q

Clinical: Tonsillar (Transforaminal) Herniation

A

Occur when lesions push cranium downward; tonsil of cerebellum herniates into the foramen magnum, compressing the medulla

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10
Q

Olive

A

Part of the lateral medulla

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11
Q

What structures just beneath chiasm of the Optic Nerve?

A

Median Eminence part of Hypothalamus

Infindibulum (stalk of Pituitary)

Mamillary Bodies (part of hypothalamus)

Cerebral Peduncle (crus cerebri)

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12
Q

What line separates the Temporal lobe from the Frontal and Parietal lobes?

What line separtes the Frontal and Parietal Lobes?

What line separates the Parietal Lobe from the Occipital Lobe?

A

Lateral Sulcus (Sylvian FIssure)

Central Sulcus (Rolandic Fissue)

Parietooccipital Sulcus

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13
Q

Three Major Functions of Cerebral Cortex

A
  1. Primary Motor and Sensory
  2. Higher-order Motor and Sensory (regulate primary)
  3. Association Areas (highest order–decision making, personality)
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14
Q

Importance of Allo-cortex

A

Memory, Learning

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15
Q

Brodmann’s Area - Frontal Lobe

Pre Central Gyrus (Area 4)

A

Primary Motor Cortex

Majority of axons in corticospinal tract, somatotopically organized

Face = lateral, legs = center, arms = between face/legs

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16
Q

Brodmanns Areas - Frontal Lobe

Superior and Inferior Frontal Sulci (Area 6, Area 8)

A

Area 6/8

6: Consists of supplementary/premotor areas, contribute to corticospinal tract
8: Paired eye movements to contralateral side, lesion causes deviation towards lesion

17
Q

Brodmass Areas - Frontal Lobe

Area 44 / 45

(Pars Triangularis / Opars Operularis)

A

(In Dominant Hemisphere)

44/45 = Broca’s Area; motor production of language

Usually Left = Language

Damage = Understand o.k. , difficulty forming language fluently, extreme case become mute

18
Q

Clinical/Broddman

Prefrontal Association Cortex

[Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (dlPFC)]

A

Large role in executive function

Clinical: Substance abuse disorders can alter this process

Brodman:

10, 11, 12 (medial)

24, 25, 32 (ventral)

19
Q

Clinical/Broddman

Limbic Association Cortex

Areas 10, 11, 12

Areas 24, 25, 32

A

Main Function: Personality, Social behavior

Clinical: Lesions produce marked changes in personality and social behavior

20
Q

Temporal Lobe portion of the Limbic Association Cortex

A

Critical role in learning & memory

21
Q

Clinical: Large, bilateral lesion of the prefrontal cortex?

A

Impaired decision making, emotional lability, social disinhibition, impulsiveness

***Phinease Gage***

22
Q

Broddman Area - Parietal Lobe

Postcentral Sulcus/Gyrus - Area 3, 1, 2

Lesions?

A

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Important for pain, temperature, discriminative touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception

Somatotopic Organization similar to motor cortex

Clinical: Lesions produce deficits with features listed above. Stem hint, “I can feel pain, but can’t localize it”

23
Q

Broddman Area - Parietal Lobe

Intraparietal Sulcus - Part of Area 2, Part of Area 5

Lesions?

A

Higher order somatosensory areas; major role in integrating visual and somatosensory information

Clinical Lesion: Individual can recognize something on basis of touch alone, or somatosensory agnosias

24
Q

Broddman Area - Parietal Lobe

Infraparietal Parietal Lobule:

Supramarginal (Area 40)

Angular Gyri (Area 39)

Lesions?

A

Major role in perception and interpretation of written language (include sight reading music)

Clinical: Lesion in area show loss of ability to read, write

“Musician suddenly can’t read their music”

25
Q

Broddman Area - Occipital Lobe

Calcarine Cortex - Area 17

A

Primary visual cortex

Visotopically organized visual cortex so that a map of visual space is represented with each point on the retina represented in orderly fashion in brain

Remember a hit to the back of the head will cause a person to “see stars”

26
Q

Broddman Area - Occipital Lobe

Area 18

Area 19

A

Higher order visual areas

Lesions of these can produce visal agnosias–can’t recognize what an object is by sight alone

“Recognize people by voice, but not visual appearance”

27
Q

Borders of Temporal Lobe?

Major sulci?

A

Sylvian fissue dorsal

parietooccipital sulcus/preoccipital note caudally

Superior and Inferior Temporal Sulci – run parallel with Sylvian Fissure

Divide temporal lobe into three major gyri: Superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri

28
Q

Broddman Area - Temporal Lobe

Transverse Temporal Gyri of Heschl - Area 41

Lesions?

A

Primary auditory cortex

Tonotopically organized, each part of the basilar membrane is represented in the cortex, with greatest area representing speech sounds

Clinical: Unilateral lesion = no deafness

Bilateral lesion = deafness (rare)

“Can’t locate sounds well, marked diminish in hearing”

29
Q

Broddman Area - Temporal Lobe

Wernicke’s Area - Area 22

A

Importany for interpretation of spoken language

Clinical: Inability to understand spoken language, can speak (motor) but say complete nonsense

30
Q

Both Wernicke and Broca Aphasia?

A

“Global” Aphasia

Can’t speak or understand language

Likely can’t read or write

31
Q

DON’T FORGET TO STUDY THE BRAIN MAP

A

STUDY THE BRAIN MAP!

32
Q
A

SF2 - Test 2 (17 decks)

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