revsion pp: stats Flashcards

1
Q

Common Quan Stats
P-Value

A

Measures probability that observed difference is chance. The lower the score, the less likely due to chance, and so the more likely it is significant (significant = p-value <0.05)

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2
Q

Common Quan Stats
T-Test

A
  • inferential statistic
  • the difference between means of 2 sets of data.
  • The bigger the score, the more likely the test is repeatable.
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3
Q

Common Quan Stats
Pearson’s correlation

A
  • numerical x 2
  • age and BP
    Linear relationship - directly impact each other

An interval statistic – measures a linear relationship between 2 variables, where a change in one variable causes a proportional change in the other (e.g. age and BP)

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4
Q

Common Quan Stats
Spearman’s correlation

A
  • categorical (ordinal) + numerical variable

An ordinal or monotonic statistic – the variables change together, but not necessarily at the same rate

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5
Q

Common Quan Stats
ANOVA

A

categorical (ordinal or nominal) + numerical variable

need at least 3 categories; social media use (low, medium, high)
hours of sleep (6,7,8)

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6
Q

Common Quan Stats
Chi2

A

Categorical (nominal) x 2
- eg. eye colour and hair colour linked

  • A categorical statistic - looking for independence of data (one variable not related to the other)
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7
Q

Common Quan Stats
Cohen’s Kappa coefficient

A

Measures inter-rater reliability, e.g. performing GCS – assessing if agreement is by chance

1 = complete agreement
-1 = complete unagreement
0 = agreed by chance

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8
Q

Common Quan Stats
Confidence Interval

A

The confidence you have that the result will lie between a predetermined range of values

Sample and sample Error
There will always be sampling error because the sample will not 100% represent the whole population
Variation & sample size impact confidence interval
Larger variation and small sample size = large confidence interval

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9
Q

Common Quan Stats
Intention to Treat

A

Including results from participants who do not complete the trial (e.g. died or withdrew) – maintain the original randomised groups of participants

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10
Q

Common Quan Stats
Is a higher confidence interval better?

A

A large confidence interval suggests that the sample does not provide a precise representation of the population mean, whereas a narrow confidence interval demonstrates a greater degree of precision.

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11
Q

Common Quan Stats
Descriptive statistics -

A

mean, median, mode, standard deviation – terms used to describe numbers and patterns

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12
Q

Common Quan Stats
Inferential statistics

A

used to determine the statistical significance of any observed differences between groups

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13
Q

Common stats
What p-value makes something statistically significant

A

= or less than 0.05

0.05 means 5% by chance
reject null hypothesis (no effect)
accept alternative hypothesis (the independent variable caused an effect)

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