mock paper Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What does this statement describe?
    “These are used to determine the statistical significance of any observed differences between groups”
    (a) Descriptive statistics
    (b) Mean
    (c) Median
    (d) Inferential statistics
A

(d) Inferential statistics

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2
Q

What is thematic analysis?

A

Thematic analysis is for qual. Read data  codes for pattens and meaning aka highlight certain words in diff colours  organise codes into themes

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3
Q
  1. Thematic analysis does not include one of the following?
    (a) Coding
    (b) Familiarisation of data
    (c) Defining them
    (d) Measurements
A

(d) Measurements

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4
Q
  1. What are the key features of a survey design?

(a) High participation numbers, aims to answer questions on prevalence, distribution and interrelationships of variables
(b) Low participation numbers, aims to answer questions on reflexivity, relationship between participants
(c) High participation numbers, aims to not answer question on prevalence, distribution and interrelationships of variables
(d) High participation numbers, aiming to answer open ended questionnaires, to allow the analysis of only dependent variables

A

(a) High participation numbers, aims to answer questions on prevalence, distribution and interrelationships of variables

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5
Q
  1. What kind of bias is evident in an RCT, when those collecting the outcome data know which groups patients have been allocated to?
    (a) Selection bias
    (b) Performance bias
    (c) Attrition bias
    (d) Measurement bias
A

(d) Measurement bias

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6
Q
  1. How is clinical significance established at the outset of a research study?
    (a) By ensuring a sufficiently large sample can be recruited
    (b) By determining the minimum important difference that needs to be observe
    (c) By agreeing the level of the p-value to be used when analysing the results
    (d) By ensuring all patients can be followed up
A

(b) By determining the minimum important difference that needs to be observe

Clinical – the healthcare and patients decide if the intervention has an effect
Statically- clinical research with numbers and p-value has an effect

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7
Q

What is intention to treat analysis?

A

During evaluating all the participants are taken into account regardless of whether they finished the study or not. Eg. a study on student nurse experience at Plymouth uni. Drop out students would still be included in the evaluation and anaylsis
Once randomized always analysed
A: randomization remains and greater generalizability of results

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8
Q
  1. What is one of the main purposes of intention-to-treat analysis?
    (a) To ensure the data analysis is valid
    (b) To ensure the intervention and control groups are balanced
    (c) To ensure that results are statistically significant
    (d) To maintain original group composition achieved following randomisation
A

(d) To maintain original group composition achieved following randomisation

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9
Q
  1. What is the main purpose of random allocation?
    (a) To promote internal and external validity
    (b) To ensure the sample size is equal between groups
    (c) To ensure the study is reliable
    (d) To ensure the study is double blinded
A

(a) To promote internal and external validity

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10
Q

reliability vs validity

A

Reliability: results can be reproduced under the same conditions
Validity: refers to accuracy of a measure – results represent what they are suppose to measure
RCT- generalize findings

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11
Q
  1. What does the confidence interval represent?
    (a) The actual magnitude of the results obtained in a study
    (b) The statistical significance of the range of values obtained from a study
    (c) The level of confidence that can be demonstrated about the results of a study
    (d) The range within which the true value might lie given the size of the difference actually observed
A

(d) The range within which the true value might lie given the size of the difference actually observe

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12
Q
  1. If a scale were developed to measure overall health and the response categories were: ‘excellent’ ‘good’ ‘average’ ‘below average’ or ‘poor’, what kind of data would be collected? (b)
    (a) Interval
    (b) Ordinal
    (c) Nominal
    (d) Ratio
A

(b) Ordinal

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13
Q
  1. Which of these tests would be used to demonstrate association between ordinal variables?
    (a) Chi squared
    (b) Pearson’s correlation
    (c) Spearman’s correlation
    (d) Frequencies
A

(c) Spearman’s correlation

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14
Q
  1. There has been controversy about whether Tamiflu is more effective than bed rest and paracetamol in reducing the symptoms of ‘flu. What would be the most appropriate clinical question?
    (a) In healthy adults does Tamiflu reduce the severity of the symptoms of acute ‘flu compared with bed rest and paracetamol?
    (b) In healthy adults is Tamiflu more effective than bed rest and paracetamol for the ‘flu?
    (c) In healthy adults does Tamiflu reduce the severity of acute ‘flu compared with bed rest?
    (d) In healthy adults is Tamiflu more clinically-effective than paracetamol for the ‘flu?
A

(a) In healthy adults does Tamiflu reduce the severity of the symptoms of acute ‘flu compared with bed rest and paracetamol?

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15
Q
  1. It is important to know about the reliability and validity of any test measure used in research and clinical practice. What do tests of reliability demonstrate about a test instrument?
    (a) The stability of the instrument
    (b) That an instrument reflects performance
    (c) That an instrument measures what it is supposed to measure x
    (d) That an instrument can be used more than once
A

(a) The stability of the instrument

Stability = re-test reliability. To determine stability, a measure or test is repeated on the same subjects at a future date. Results are compared and correlated with the initial test to give a measure of stability.

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16
Q

14.Choose the correct 3 different research methodologies within the qualitative paradigm
(a) Mixed methods, case study, randomised controlled Trial
(b) Survey, grounded theory, case study
(c) Phenomenology, ethnography, randomised controlled trial
(d) Phenomenology, ethnography and grounded theory

A

d) Phenomenology, ethnography and grounded theory

17
Q
  1. What is the correct order for the hierarchy of evidence from highest to lowest evidence?
    (a) Randomised Controlled Trials, Systematic reviews, Observational Studies, Case Studies, Opinions
    (b) Systematic reviews, Randomised Controlled Trials, Observational studies, Case Studies, Opinions
    (c) Systematic reviews, Randomised Controlled Trials, Case studies, Observational Studies, Opinions
    (d) Randomised Controlled Trials, Systematic Reviews, Interviews, Case studies, Observational Studies
A

(b) Systematic reviews, Randomised Controlled Trials, Observational studies, Case Studies, Opinions

observational studies = case-control and cohort study

18
Q
  1. Which statement is correct about inductive research?
    (a) It tests hypothesis
    (b) Is used in quantitative research
    (c) Generates theory
    (d) Uses a positivist approach
A

(c) Generates theory

19
Q

17.Which of these is not a sampling method of qualitative research?
(a) Snowball
(b) Purposive
(c) Probability
(d) Convenience

A

(c) Probability

20
Q
  1. What is the most important reason for using a framework such as PICOT to formulate clinical questions?
    (a) It helps identify the patient population
    (b) It increases the likelihood that the best evidence will be identified quickly and efficiently
    (c) It guarantees that all relevant evidence will be identified
    (d) It ensures the right comparison is included within the question
A

(b) It increases the likelihood that the best evidence will be identified quickly and efficiently

21
Q
  1. Which research design would provide the best evidence to determine which of two treatments was most effective for patients with multiple sclerosis?
    (a) Randomised controlled trial
    (b) Case-control study
    (c) Case study
    (d) Longitudinal survey
A

(a) Randomised controlled trial

22
Q
  1. There are well defined steps in the evidence-based practice process that require new skills to be developed. What do these skills include?
    (a) Constructing research proposals, undertaking research, using research in practice
    (b) Constructing clinical questions, searching for research, evaluating clinical literature
    (c) Constructing clinical questions, undertaking research, evaluating clinical literature
    (d) Funding research, consulting with patients, evaluating clinical literature
A

(b) Constructing clinical questions, searching for research, evaluating clinical literature

23
Q
  1. What type of clinical question would best be answered by interpretative/qualitative (also known as naturalistic) research designs?
    (a) Questions about diagnosis
    (b) Questions about meanings/experiences
    (c) Questions about clinical outcomes
    (d) Questions about prognosis
A

(b) Questions about meanings/experiences

24
Q
  1. What is one of the main functions of evidence-based practice in terms of the NMC standards regarding fitness to practice?
    (a) Evidence-based practice ensures patients are not involved in decision-making
    (b) Evidence-based practice ensures practice remains current
    (c) Evidence-based practice stops development of nursing & midwifery researchers of the future
    (d) Evidence-based practice ensures clinical guidelines are followed
A

(b) Evidence-based practice ensures practice remains current

25
Q
  1. What are the benefits of EIDM
    (a) Less effective use of resources
    (b)To not improve overall approach to health
    (c) Lessen gap between good research & practice
    (d) Decrease information for patients
A

(c) Lessen gap between good research & practice

26
Q
  1. What is the most likely consequence of implementing evidence-based practice?
    (a) All health care decisions will be based on the highest quality of research available
    (b) The highest quality of care and best possible outcomes are more likely to be achieved
    (c) Patients and their families will always be involved with the decisions made
    (d) There will be no variation in the care given to patients with the same condition
A

(b) The highest quality of care and best possible outcomes are more likely to be achieved

27
Q
  1. Why might data collected from qualitative research be considered less important than data obtained from randomised controlled trials?
    (a) The findings from qualitative research based on interview data
    (b) The findings from qualitative research are not methodologically robust
    (c) The findings from qualitative research generally lack rigour
    (d) The findings from qualitative research are not usually generalizable
A

(d) The findings from qualitative research are not usually generalizable

28
Q
  1. What does PARiHS mean
    (a) Promoting Acting on Research Implementation in Health Services
    (b) Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Heat Services
    (c) Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health services
    (d) Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Healthy Services
A

(c) Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health services

29
Q

27) A dependent variable is?
(a) A variable that is contingent on that of another
(b) A variable that is not dependent on that of another
(c) A variable that determines the cause
(d) A variable that predicts an outcome

A

(a) A variable that is contingent on that of another

Contingent = relies on

30
Q
  1. What is most likely to reduce the likelihood of successfully implementing research findings into practice?
    (a) Only including active stakeholders
    (b) Including too few stakeholders
    (c) Only including passive stakeholders
    (d) Failing to identify appropriate stakeholders
A

(d) Failing to identify appropriate stakeholders

31
Q
  1. Where might be a good place to find evidence-based papers
    (a) Wikipedia
    (b) Newspapers
    (c) Reviews of primary research (CRD, evidence based abstracting journals, Bandolier, Cochrane, BestBets, CATs)
    (d) Thirdly reviewed research journals
A

(c) Reviews of primary research (CRD, evidence based abstracting journals, Bandolier, Cochrane, BestBets, CATs)

32
Q
  1. What is the standard of consent required in law in the UK?
    (a) Valid consent
    (b) Forced consent
    (c) Implied consent
    (d) Assumed consent
A

(a) Valid consent