Not in Revision Powerpoint Flashcards
Epidemiology
Study of disease and their treatments from a population perspective
Epistemology
different ways to find out about reality eg. quantitative questionnaire to test knowledge pre + post lecture. Qual: Observe and ask people their point of view
Epistemology social construction
people construct their knowledge together eg. ideal community build ideas together and learn from one another ‘oh yes I also read that paper and thought…’
Mental capacity
also referred to as capacity. The ability to retain and understand information needed to make a decision.
Non-experimental
research which does not use comparison to test cause and effect.
Ontology
objective (facts/ not influenced/ impartial/ unbias) vs subjective (personal/ opinions/ bias)
Peer review
a common practice in good quality journals whereby submitted articles are reviewed by subject experts for their accuracy. Peer review is usually undertaken without the identity of researcher being disclosed to the reviewers, to avoid bias.
Prospective vs retrospective
Prospective: going forward in time.
Retrospective: going back in time
Representative
the amount of similarity between a study sample and the population from which it is drawn.
Quan:
Sensitivity vs Specificity
Sensitivity: the ability of a test to correctly identify patients with a disease
Specificity: the ability of a test to correctly identify people without the disease
Types of evidence
Systematic review
a review of literature on a given topic which is undertaken using a defined process covering a predetermined number of years of the literature.
Qual: Tacit knowledge
knowledge so deeply embedded, they often forget they have it. It is known to people within a group and does not need explanation within the context of that group, but may be unknown to outsiders.
Qual: Bracketing
researchers opinion put to the side- self-awareness to not impact study results.
Qual Terminolgy
Contextual
Individual perspective
Critical appraisal
Are the findings credible
Qual: Emic vs eTic
Emic: Seeing something from an insiders point of view eg. student nurses point of view of their course
Etic: outsiders point of view
Qual: Empirical
Something proved/ discovered by experience
-lots of student nurses drop out
Grounded theory would be why do they drop out ^^
Qual: Ethnography/ethnographic study
how people behave in a certain context or culture (eg. ward vs community nursing ). Getting immersed into a community to get a better perspective than being a stranger in a room eg. being a student nurse at ACE for 3 months vs head lead teacher popping in for 20 mins you will have a better portrayal of the participants reality. Glasgow HIV paper
Qual: Gatekeeper
helps gain access to a group to be studied eg. ward manager agreeing for nurses to be involved with the study and help select who is going to help
Qual: Hawthorne effect
Bias – people respond in a manner in which they believe they should because researcher present
Qual: InDuctive
develop a theory from data eg. for the last 5 summers I have seen fireflies in my garden so this summer I will see fireflies in my garden
Qual: Interpretive phenomenology
Interpreting and understanding human experience
Qual: Iterative process
initiative
data analysis starts before data collection has finished because data saturation is reached eg. all 5 student nurses thought that they don’t get enough support. Common theme so most student nurses think they don’t get enough support
Qual: Narrative inquiry
stories are collected, analysed and presented
Qual: Narrative analysis
why do people tell the story that way? What was emphasised? Where was eye contact present and not present ? etc.
Qual: Paradigm
the philosophical position that is taken within the research.
Qual: Purposive
sampling method where people are chosen for inclusion because they meet the purpose of the research. This means they have experience of the phenomenon being studied.
- long term diabetes vs diagnosed yesterday
Qualitative
Opinions, quality of interaction and how it felt to experience something eg. how did the new blood pressure drug feel
Qual: Reflexivity
made clear that the researcher is aware of how they influence data collection eg. lecturer marking your assignment asking your opinion on how they lead the model vs a non-connected person asking you for feedback on the module.
Qual: Relevance
this refers to the extent to which the findings of a study might be applied outside the context of the original research
Qual: Retrospective
looking back in time
Qual: Rich data
small sample size but high detail used in qualitative research eg. long term diabetes patient vs diagnosed yesterday diabetes patient
Qual: Rigour
trustworthiness- was the study well conducted? What limitations are involved?
Qual: Semi-structured interview
an interview that is partially guided using something like a topic guide or a list of predetermined questions.
Qual: Theoretical sampling
a method of sampling that occurs as researchers build new theories and idea from the data they have collected and test these theories by interviewing more subjects to see if the new theories still hold true. Usually a feature of grounded theory research. Also called handy sampling.
Qual: Triangulation
more than one method or source of data used to study a social event eg. questionnaire, interview AND survey for healthcare staff AND patients
Quan Sampling
Blinding
Placebo use in RCT. Primary- only patient. Secondary- patient and medical administrator. Tertiary- patient, administrator and data analyse
Terminology
Causality
the relationship between cause and effect
Experimental
Confounding variable
an extra variable you don’t account for that impacts the independent and dependent variable. – a control variable that isn’t controlled! Eg. People who eat more ice cream get more sunburnt. Temp would be the confounding variable.
Experimental
Control arm
The group that isn’t changed to compare if the results have an impact
Experimental
Correlation
Two variables are related
Experimental
deDUCtivE
QUAN
prove an Existing theory or hypothesis using scientific data Collection and accepting/ rejecting a nUll hypothesis
Experimental
Dependant variable
what you measure
Experimental
Equivalence study
New treatment vs current treatment (rather than placebo)
Experimental
a way of testing a hypothesis through comparison- case and control
Experimental
Hypothesis
Suggesting that an effect will happen. In paper written as H1 eg. does talking aspirin everyday reduce the chance of having a heart attack
Experimental
Null hypothesis
suggesting nothing (no effect) will happen. In paper written at H0 eg. taking aspirin everyday has no effect on reducing a heart attack
Experimental
Independent variable
what you change
Interventional study/ clinical trial
tests an intervention eg. new drug using a clinical trial
Terminology
Odds ratio
the result of something happening. It is 2.5 x more likely that …
Terminology
Parametric
Normal disruption. More assumptions. Larger sample size. No outliers. Equal variances. Interval or ratio
Terminology
Non-parametric
non-normal distributed data. Less assumptions. Small sample size. Outliers. Unequal variances. Nominal (named or labelled) or ordinal (specific order and named)
Terminology for epidemiology - PrevAlencE
the amount of cases of diseases in a given population over a specific time.
Quantitative
Quantity/ measure/ generalise/ stats eg. the new drug lowered blood pressure by this amount
Statistics
standard deviation
the dispersion of data around the mean
Statistics
Statically significant
P < 0.05. 5% probability that something happened by chance so sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis and accept the (alternative) hypothesis
Statistics
non-statically significant
P > 0.05. over 5% probability that something happened by chance so accept null hypothesis and reject the (alternative) hypothesis because there isn’t enough sufficient evidence to support alternative hypothesis
Statistics
clinically significant vs statistically significance
Clinical – the healthcare and patients decide if the intervention has an effect
Statically- clinical research with numbers and p-value state if an intervention has an effect
Quan Sampling
Convenience sample
Selection of the most readily available people as participants
Quan Sampling
Cross-sectional study
taken at a single point in time (most common survey type)
Statistics
Meta-analysis
the process of collating the statistics from a number of studies and re-analysing it as one dataset.
Experimental
Trail arm
no. of groups involved with an experiment/ trial
per-protocol anaylsis
Only considers participants that have always adhered to ALL the study protocol – always receive the intervention and showed up for check ups
D: overestimates treatment effects. distortion of true study results if the only form on analysis
As treated anaylsis
Analysis based on actual treatment received regardless of the original group assignment. Receive additional therapy other than that assigned by randomization
Completers only anaylsis
Only people who complete study are analysed
