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BIOM1071 > Revision > Flashcards

Revision Flashcards

1
Q

Meiosis II is not completed in the oocyte until

A

fertilisation

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2
Q

ADH promotes….

A

insertion of aquaporins in collecting tubule membrane

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3
Q

Plasma clearance is the

A

volume of plasma that is completely removed of a substance in one minute

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4
Q

What is the status of the oocyte immediately preceding ovulation?

A

haploid, secondary oocyte arrested in metaphase II

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5
Q

GRAM - colour and gram + colour

A
  • pink

+ purple

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6
Q

In normal circumstances, the largest volume of blood is located in the

A

large veins

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7
Q

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a significant healthcare associated pathogen.

What makes this bacterial pathogen so important?

A

It can cause different diseases including pyogenic infections and toxin-mediated infections, spreads easily through the health care setting and is difficult to treat due to resistance to multiple first-line antibiotics

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8
Q

when can you hear Korotkoff

A

the pulse can be heard clearly only when the pressure in the cuff is between the systolic and diastolic pressures

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9
Q

Which of the following values could be measured using a spirometer?

A

tidal volume, vital capacity and inspiratory reserve volume

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10
Q

Which one of these are properties that contribute to the classification of viruses?

A

Whether it has DNA or RNA and how the nucleic acid is arranged, structure of the virus particle and symmetry of the capsid

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11
Q

The plicae circulares

A

are duplications of the mucous membrane

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12
Q

Severe combined immunodeficiency diseases are caused by

A

genetic deficiencies in T cell development and function

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13
Q

he stage of infection where malaria infects red blood cells, T cells are most likely activated to respond to the malarial antigens in which site?

A

spleen

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14
Q

The rate of diffusion of a gas across the respiratory membrane is influenced by

A

surface area of respiratory membrane

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15
Q

The intratubular compartment of the testis is made up of

A

seminiferous tubules, epithelium, sperm cells, Sertoli cells

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16
Q

T cell antigen recognition

A

T cell receptors only recognise protein antigens when they are degraded into short peptides and displayed on MHC molecules on the surface of antigen presenting cells

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17
Q

role of PAMPS

A

activate DC cells to express signal 2 and indicate there is a danger

18
Q

costimulatory signal

A

PAMPS telling T cells there is danger using costimulatory molecule receptor

19
Q

B cells

A

secrete antibodies

20
Q

T cells

A

become CTL cells which kill cells

and T helper cells which help B cells make antibodies

21
Q

ways antibodies act

A

neutralisation
opsonisation
activation of complement system
triggering of mast cells to make histamine

22
Q

DC

A

major antigen presenting cell in activation of naive cell

23
Q

signal 1

A

T cell receptor binding MHC - Ag peptide

24
Q

what expresses costimulatory signal

A

DC when its activated by a PAMP via Toll like receptor

25
Q

absence of signal 2 leads to

A

T cell tolerance - trained to not kill that antigen.

26
Q

CD4 and CD8

A

CD4- t helper cells

CD8 - CTL cells (cytotoxic T lymphocytes)

27
Q

how does adaptive immune response recognise antigens

A

BCR- recognises epitope of antigen

TCR - recognises short peptides of antigen, bound to APC on an MHC molecule

28
Q

phagocytosis

A

killing of cell by engulfing it

29
Q

adaptive responses to bacterial killing

A
  • B cells making antibodies which act to kill cells
  • T help cells helping B cells do this
  • CTL cells killing antigens
  • BCR and TCR recognise antigens and proliferate or differentiate
30
Q

growth conditions in the lab

A
  • temp
  • oxygen level
  • amount of nutrients
  • pH level
31
Q

Koch’s postulates and what doesnt qualify

A
  • shown in all cases of disease
  • grown in pure culture
  • cause disease in healthy animal
  • be isolated and shown to be the same as the original
    wont work if they only infect humans and cant be grown in lab environment
32
Q

liver blood supply

A

venous and arerial
portal vein carries deoxygenated blood
hepatic artery carries oxygenated blood

33
Q

inflammation steps

A

release of cytokines and chemokines by innate immune cells.

leukocytosis - neutrophils enter blood from bone marrow
margination - neutrophils cling to capillary wall
diapedesis- neutrophils flatten and squeeze out of capillaries
chemotaxis- follow chemical trail

34
Q

Implantation of blastocyst steps

A
  • day 7: trophoblast cells proliferate to cytropoblast cells and syncytriotropoblast cells
  • day 9: blastocyst burrows into lining and gets sealed off. embryoblast cells differentiate into epiblast (fetus) and hypoblast (yolk sac)
  • day 12: implantation complete
35
Q

why do women use POP

A

history of: hypertension, stoke and DVT

36
Q

What are some of the common causes for infertility in males? In females?

A

males - dilation of paniform plexus and vas deferens blockage
females - ovarian disfunction (PCOS, endo), endocrine abnormalitles (hypothalamic and pituitary dysfunction) and implantation abnormalities (luteul and progesterone production deficiency)

37
Q

What are some of the methods used to assess infertility

A

ways to assess: blood test, ultra sound, xray, AMH test, semen analysis, DNA fragment test, sperm angulation test.

38
Q

What are the hormones used in a typical cycle of IVF and their roles

A

FSH - follicle growth
hCG- act as LH and promote ovulation
GnRH antagonist - suppress natural ovulation
Progesterone- given after implantation for luteal support.

39
Q
  1. Describe how the ascending limb contributes to the formation of the medullary osmotic gradient & what this does to the filtrate entering the distal & collecting tubules
A

The asc loop pumps nacl out which contributes to an increase of institutial fluid concentration and lower filtrate concentration entering the distal and collecting tubule.

40
Q
  1. Under what conditions is ADH released from the posterior pituitary? What effect does ADH have on the collecting ducts?
A

An increase in ECF concentration causes the posterior pituitary to release ADH, which promotes the insertion of aquaporins in the apical membrane of collecting tubule, which increases water permeability

BIOM1071 (7 decks)

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