Revision Flashcards
Meiosis II is not completed in the oocyte until
fertilisation
ADH promotes….
insertion of aquaporins in collecting tubule membrane
Plasma clearance is the
volume of plasma that is completely removed of a substance in one minute
What is the status of the oocyte immediately preceding ovulation?
haploid, secondary oocyte arrested in metaphase II
GRAM - colour and gram + colour
- pink
+ purple
In normal circumstances, the largest volume of blood is located in the
large veins
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a significant healthcare associated pathogen.
What makes this bacterial pathogen so important?
It can cause different diseases including pyogenic infections and toxin-mediated infections, spreads easily through the health care setting and is difficult to treat due to resistance to multiple first-line antibiotics
when can you hear Korotkoff
the pulse can be heard clearly only when the pressure in the cuff is between the systolic and diastolic pressures
Which of the following values could be measured using a spirometer?
tidal volume, vital capacity and inspiratory reserve volume
Which one of these are properties that contribute to the classification of viruses?
Whether it has DNA or RNA and how the nucleic acid is arranged, structure of the virus particle and symmetry of the capsid
The plicae circulares
are duplications of the mucous membrane
Severe combined immunodeficiency diseases are caused by
genetic deficiencies in T cell development and function
he stage of infection where malaria infects red blood cells, T cells are most likely activated to respond to the malarial antigens in which site?
spleen
The rate of diffusion of a gas across the respiratory membrane is influenced by
surface area of respiratory membrane
The intratubular compartment of the testis is made up of
seminiferous tubules, epithelium, sperm cells, Sertoli cells
T cell antigen recognition
T cell receptors only recognise protein antigens when they are degraded into short peptides and displayed on MHC molecules on the surface of antigen presenting cells
role of PAMPS
activate DC cells to express signal 2 and indicate there is a danger
costimulatory signal
PAMPS telling T cells there is danger using costimulatory molecule receptor
B cells
secrete antibodies
T cells
become CTL cells which kill cells
and T helper cells which help B cells make antibodies
ways antibodies act
neutralisation
opsonisation
activation of complement system
triggering of mast cells to make histamine
DC
major antigen presenting cell in activation of naive cell
signal 1
T cell receptor binding MHC - Ag peptide
what expresses costimulatory signal
DC when its activated by a PAMP via Toll like receptor
absence of signal 2 leads to
T cell tolerance - trained to not kill that antigen.
CD4 and CD8
CD4- t helper cells
CD8 - CTL cells (cytotoxic T lymphocytes)
how does adaptive immune response recognise antigens
BCR- recognises epitope of antigen
TCR - recognises short peptides of antigen, bound to APC on an MHC molecule
phagocytosis
killing of cell by engulfing it
adaptive responses to bacterial killing
- B cells making antibodies which act to kill cells
- T help cells helping B cells do this
- CTL cells killing antigens
- BCR and TCR recognise antigens and proliferate or differentiate
growth conditions in the lab
- temp
- oxygen level
- amount of nutrients
- pH level
Koch’s postulates and what doesnt qualify
- shown in all cases of disease
- grown in pure culture
- cause disease in healthy animal
- be isolated and shown to be the same as the original
wont work if they only infect humans and cant be grown in lab environment
liver blood supply
venous and arerial
portal vein carries deoxygenated blood
hepatic artery carries oxygenated blood
inflammation steps
release of cytokines and chemokines by innate immune cells.
leukocytosis - neutrophils enter blood from bone marrow
margination - neutrophils cling to capillary wall
diapedesis- neutrophils flatten and squeeze out of capillaries
chemotaxis- follow chemical trail
Implantation of blastocyst steps
- day 7: trophoblast cells proliferate to cytropoblast cells and syncytriotropoblast cells
- day 9: blastocyst burrows into lining and gets sealed off. embryoblast cells differentiate into epiblast (fetus) and hypoblast (yolk sac)
- day 12: implantation complete
why do women use POP
history of: hypertension, stoke and DVT
What are some of the common causes for infertility in males? In females?
males - dilation of paniform plexus and vas deferens blockage
females - ovarian disfunction (PCOS, endo), endocrine abnormalitles (hypothalamic and pituitary dysfunction) and implantation abnormalities (luteul and progesterone production deficiency)
What are some of the methods used to assess infertility
ways to assess: blood test, ultra sound, xray, AMH test, semen analysis, DNA fragment test, sperm angulation test.
What are the hormones used in a typical cycle of IVF and their roles
FSH - follicle growth
hCG- act as LH and promote ovulation
GnRH antagonist - suppress natural ovulation
Progesterone- given after implantation for luteal support.
- Describe how the ascending limb contributes to the formation of the medullary osmotic gradient & what this does to the filtrate entering the distal & collecting tubules
The asc loop pumps nacl out which contributes to an increase of institutial fluid concentration and lower filtrate concentration entering the distal and collecting tubule.
- Under what conditions is ADH released from the posterior pituitary? What effect does ADH have on the collecting ducts?
An increase in ECF concentration causes the posterior pituitary to release ADH, which promotes the insertion of aquaporins in the apical membrane of collecting tubule, which increases water permeability
