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BIOM1071 > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

infection

A

when microorganisms invade host tissue and multiply

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2
Q

subclinical infection

A

no symptoms but immune response had happened

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3
Q

localised infection

A

confined to one area of body

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4
Q

systemic infcetion

A

spreads to other organ systems

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5
Q

pathogen

A

microorganism capable of causing disease

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6
Q

pathogenesis

A

process in which disease arises

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7
Q

pathogenicity

A

measure of ability of pathogen to cause disease

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8
Q

pathogenic determinant

A

feature that influences how well it can cause disease

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9
Q

endemic

A

disease always present in population

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10
Q

epidemic

A

sudden rapid rise in disease incidence

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11
Q

pandemic

A

global epidemic

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12
Q

outbreak

A

high number of infections where no cases occured in the past

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13
Q

Define Koch’s postulates

A
  1. suspected pathogen must be present in all cases of disease and absent from healthy animal
  2. pathogen must be grown in pure culture
  3. cells from pure culture must cause disease in healthy animal
  4. pathogen must be deisolated and shown to be the same as the original
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14
Q

What are the progression stages of an infectious disease

A

incubation period, prodromal phase (minimal symptoms), invasive phase, acme (highest point), decline phase and convalescence period

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15
Q

Differences between gram positive and gram negative

A

Positive have thick layer of peptidoglycan cell wall and negative have thin layer

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16
Q

Stages of bacterial reproduction

A

lag phase, exponential/ log, stationary and death

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17
Q

enveloped virus

A

entire virus is surrounded by outer membrane derived from host cells

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18
Q

6 viral lifestyle steps?

A
  1. attachment
  2. penetration
  3. uncoating
  4. replication
  5. assembly
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19
Q

Tropism + 3 types

A

virus target specific cells

cellular, tissue and host

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20
Q

where do RNA Viruses replicate

A

cytoplasm

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21
Q

where do DNA viruses replicate

A

nucleus

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22
Q

Describe the infection consequences of viral infection

A
  • acute infection - infection cleares
  • productive chronic infection - persistent infection for a long time
  • non-productive latent infection - virus remains present but not active, may appear later
  • transformation - transforms host cell into tumour or cancer
23
Q

pathophysiology

A

damage to cells due to virus replication and host response

24
Q

2 DNA viruses

A

DNA - Pappilomavirus and Herpesvirus

25
Q

2 RNA viruses

A

RNA - Coronavirus/ Influenza and Flavivirus

26
Q

3 major fungi groups

A

macroscopic - mushrooms
multicellular filamentous moulds
singe cell yeasts

27
Q

3 pathogenic fungi types

A

filamentous, yeast, dimorphic

28
Q

basic fungal structure and function

A

thick carbohydrate wall

  • protects from environment
  • acquisition of nutrients
  • cell recognition and mating
29
Q

3 fungi structure types

A

moulds, yeast and dimorphic

30
Q

3 types of fungal infections

A

superficial mycoses - ringworm and thrush
subcutaneous mycoses - madura foot
systemic mycoses - histoplasmosis

31
Q

3 parasite types and examples

A

helminths - pinworm
protozoa - Plasmodium causing malaria
arthropod - ticks and fleas

32
Q

Describe how healthcare environment contributes to incidence of infectious disease (3)

A
  • older and vulnerable hosts
  • multiple routes of infection
  • use of antimicrobials - constant pressure is selective for resistant organisms
33
Q

Describe what is meant by MRSA, its key virulence factors and pathophysiology

A

methicillin- resistant staphlyococcus aureus

resistant to many first line antibiotics and beta-lactam antibiotics.

34
Q

Bacterial HCAI’s

A

C. Diff - found in feces of babies and in disturbed gut bacteria in adults

UTI’s - mostly caused by e.coli and can lead to kidney infection

35
Q

Viral HCAI’s

A

RSV- lower respiratory infection in babies and is transmitted via objects

Rotavirus-neonatal diarrhoea and its transmitted faecal- oral

36
Q

Antibiotic targets (4)

A
  1. cell metabolism
  2. cell wall synthesis
  3. nucleic acid synthesis
  4. cell membrane function
37
Q

Describe bacterial antibiotic resistance mechanisms

A
  1. production of enzymes- destroys the antibiotics
  2. alteration of bacterial binding sites- antibiotics cant get in cause binding site has changed
  3. change in membrane permeability - outer membrane protein block
  4. alternate pathways - drug efflux pumps and targeting overproduction
38
Q

Describe what human practices can lead to antibiotic resistance and what can be done to prevent it

A
  • low dosage
  • poor adherence
  • poor prescribing - viral infection
  • use of broad- spectrum antibiotics
39
Q

Routes of infection

A
  • airborne
  • direct or indirect contact
  • faecal oral
  • vector borne
  • sexual
40
Q

sterilisation + eg

A

killing of all viable organisms

eg. Heat or irridation

41
Q

disinfection + eg

A

killing of most viable organisms

eg. chemical disinfectant or filtration

42
Q

infection controls management

A

hand hygeine
ppe
contact precautions
cough etiquete

43
Q

what makes host susceptible

A

age, immunocompromised, pregnant, trauma

44
Q

Consequences of hospital infections

A

illness or death
prolonged stay in hospital
patient becomes source of infection

45
Q

prevention of hospital infections

A

exclude sources of infection from environment
interrupt transmission from source to host
increase host resistance

46
Q

patient management of infection

A

minimise operation length
adequate wound drainage
preventing sores

47
Q

shape of ‘staphe’ bacteria

A

grapes

48
Q

shape of ‘coccus’ bacteria

A

round berry

49
Q

aurus

A

gold

50
Q

shape of ‘bacci’ bactera

A

ros shaped

51
Q

classification of a virus

A

type of nucleic acid
arrangement of nucleic acid
structure of virus particle
symmetry of capsid

52
Q

pathogenic consequences of viral infection

A

acute infection
productive chronic
non productive latent
transformation

53
Q

types of antimicrobials

A

anti parasitic
anti fungal
anti viral
anti bacterial - antibiotics

54
Q

gene transfer

A

transformation
transduction
conjugation
transponsons

BIOM1071 (7 decks)

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