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BIOM1071 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

propulsion

A

movement of food through gi tract- peristalsis

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2
Q

secrretion

A

release of enzymes

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3
Q

segmentation

A

back and forth churning of food in small intestine

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4
Q

layers of gi tract

A

mucosa - inner
sub mucosa
muscularis
tunica serosa - outer

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5
Q

parietal peritoneum

A

lines body wall

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6
Q

visceral peritoneum

A

lines organs

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7
Q

retroperitineal

A

outside cavity

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8
Q

intraperitoneal

A

within cavity, in a glad wrap sack

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9
Q

mesentary

A

contains blood and lymph vessels an veins

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10
Q

stomach mesentaries

A

lesser, greater (outside curve)

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11
Q

stomach sphincters

A

pylorus

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12
Q

rugae

A

folds in stomach (grooves)

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13
Q

blood supply of GI tract

A

celiac trunk- sup meseneric artery - inf mesenteric artery

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14
Q

unpaired organs get blood from

A

unpaired blood vessels

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15
Q

celiac trunk blood supply

A

liver, stomach and spleen

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16
Q

sup mesenteric artery blood supply

A

duodenum and pancreas

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17
Q

inf mesenteric artery blood supply

A

sigmoid colon, upper rectum

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18
Q

duodenum function

A

mixing bowl, has pancreas, entry point for bile and pancreatic juice

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19
Q

jejinum fuction and where it starts

A

absorption, starts at duodeno-jejunal flexure

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20
Q

ileum function

A

absorbs B12, salts and things not already absorbed

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21
Q

3 circular folds

A

villi, microvilli and plicae

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22
Q

circular folds functions

A

increase SA for nutrient absorption

slows food passage

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23
Q

large intestine function

A

water and electrolyte absorption
makes faeces
conatins 4 colons

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24
Q

liver functions

A 
secretes plasma proteins 
stores fat soluble vitamins 
makes bile 
breaks down chyme
aids fat digestion
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25
Q

liver blood supply

A

gets O2 rich and O2 poor blood

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26
Q

ligaments in liver

A

coronary - suspends diaphragm from liver

and faliciform - secures liver to abdominal wall

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27
Q

4 liver lobes

A

right ( bare area), left, quadrant an caudate

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28
Q

gallbladder

A

concentrates bile an stores it

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29
Q

pancreas functions (exo and endo)

A

exocrine- produces pancreatic juice

endocrine - produces insulin ans glucagon

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30
Q

enzymatic breakdown

A

Mechanism of digestion

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31
Q

mechanisms of absorption

A

involve materials passing through enterocytes (active or passive)

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32
Q

monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose,galactose

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33
Q

disaccharides

A

sucrose, lactose, maltose

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34
Q

Polysaccharides

A

starch,

non-starch

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35
Q

Amylase

A

acts on polysaccharides

& disaccharides

36
Q

Disaccharidases

A

act on disaccharides
(maltase,
sucrase, lactase)

37
Q

fibre

A

cant be absorbed but helps move food along GI tract and feed bacteria in large intestine

38
Q

Pepsin

A

acts on proteins

39
Q

Pancreatic proteases

A

act on
protein
fragments

40
Q

Aminopeptidases

A

act on protein

fragments

41
Q

Proteins must be digested into

A

small peptides or amino acids before they can

be absorbed

42
Q

Fats

A
  • Triglycerides
    – Sterols
    – Short-chain fatty acids
43
Q

Triglycerides must be digested into

A

monoglycerides or fatty acids before they can be absorbed

44
Q

Lipase

A

acts on triglycerides

45
Q

Emulsification

A

Bile salts break down large fat globules into smaller fat

droplets, increasing surface area for lipase enzymes

46
Q

Micelle formation.

A

Free fatty acids and monoglycerides join bile salts

forming micelles

47
Q

Kidneys

A

filter waste products from
the bloodstream & convert the filtrate
into urine

48
Q

Ureters

A

transport urine from kidney

to bladder via peristalsis

49
Q

Urinary bladder:

A

storage of urine

50
Q

Urethra

A

transports urine from

bladder to outside of the body

51
Q

Function of kidney

A

regulation of blood volume, regulation of bloods ion balance, acid base balance

52
Q

renal fascia

A

dense irregular
tissue; anchors the kidney to
surrounding tissues

53
Q

adipose capsule

A

fat with
adipose tissue: cushioning
and insulation

54
Q

renal capsule

A

dense connective
tissue: maintains kidney shape;
protects from pathogens

55
Q

urine transport pathway

A

minor calices, major calices, renal pelvis and ureter

56
Q

arteries of kidney

A 
RSIAI-
Renal artery
Segmental artery
Interlobar artery
Arcuate artery
Interlobular artery
57
Q

renal corpuscle

A

produces a filtrate of blood and is composed of a capillary network called the glomerulus

58
Q

glomerulus

A

surrounded by the glomerular capsule (Bowman capsule)

59
Q

Ureter layers

A

mucosa, muscularis, adventina

60
Q

urinary bladder trigone

A

triangular area of urinary bladder. functions as a funnel to direct urine to urethra

61
Q

Internal urethral

sphincter

A 
prevents the
simultaneous passage
of sperm and urine
through the male
urethra
62
Q

Glomerular filtration

A

filters the blood- produces a cell-and protein-free

filtrate

63
Q

Tubular reabsorption

A

selectively
moves substances from the filtrate
back into the blood to reclaim what the
body needs

64
Q

Tubular secretion

A

selectively adds
substances from the blood into the
filtrate

65
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

forces fluids & solutes

through a membrane

66
Q

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

volume of filtrate formed

each minute by the kidneys

67
Q

Countercurrent multiplier

A

interaction between flow of filtrate through
ascending & descending nephron limbs
establishes the gradient

68
Q

Countercurrent exchanger

A

flow of blood through ascending & descending portions

of vasa recta preserves the gradient

69
Q

what creates osmotic gradient

A

nephron loops

70
Q

Benefits to countercurrent mechanisms

A
  • establishes a vertical osmotic gradient

- allows kidney to excrete dilute urine when dehydrated

71
Q

Variable water reabsorption is

regulated by

72
Q

Vasa recta

A

preserve the vertical osmotic gradient –

countercurrent exchangers

73
Q

Nephrons

A

create the vertical osmotic gradient –

countercurrent multipliers

74
Q

Distal & collecting tubules

A

use the vertical osmotic gradient to

adjust urine concentration

75
Q

Kidney diseases

A

Acute Kidney Injury , Chronic kidney disease

76
Q

celiac trunk supplies…

A

above transverse mesocolon and stomach

77
Q

kidneys are suspended in:

A

renal capsule, adipose capsule and renal fascia (inner)

78
Q

The key processes of urine formation in order of occurrence are

A

Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion

79
Q

function of nephron

A

It’s function is to filter out waste and toxins from the blood, regulate the concentration of water and solutes in blood. Through this it produces urine.

80
Q

GFR is directly proportional to:

A
  1. Net filtration pressure
  2. Total surface area for filtration
  3. Filtration membrane permeability
81
Q

explain ADH action when dehydrated

A

ADH is released by posterior pituitary upon increase ECF conc. it then promotes the insertion of aquaporins on the distal and collecting tubule, which allows for more water reabsorption and the body can rehydrate itself

82
Q

what happens when we are overhydrated and have no ADH

A

Distal and collecting tubules are impermeable to water

83
Q

explain why osmolarity gradient is important

A

establishes the gradient to concentrate more urine
allows dilute urine to be excreted
allows for water reabsorption

84
Q

what is the counter current multipier

A

loop of henle: flow of filtrate moving opposite directions each side creating the gradient. difference in permeability to water and salt creates a flow and ongoing cycle

85
Q

whats counter current exchanger

A

vasa recta blood vessels preserve the concentration gradient

86
Q

what do distal and collecting tubules do

A

use the vertical gradient to adjust urine concentration

BIOM1071 (7 decks)

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