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BIOM1071 > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from heart

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2
Q

Veins

A

carry blood to the heart

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3
Q

capillaries

A

exchange of gases between tissues

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4
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

blood to lungs

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5
Q

systemic circuit

A

blood to rest of body

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6
Q

heart is surrounded by

A

pericardium

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7
Q

layers of pericardium

A

outer fibrous and inner serous

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8
Q

histology of heart wall

A

epicardium (outer), myocardium, endocardium (inner)

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9
Q

right ventricle

A

pumps for low pressure pulmonary circuit

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10
Q

left ventricle

A

pumps high pressure for systemic circuit

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11
Q

2 preventions of back flow of blood

A

atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves

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12
Q

systole

A

contraction

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13
Q

diastole

A

relaxation

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14
Q

Electrical events of the cardiac cycle

A

P wave -atrial depolarization
QRS complex -ventricular depolarization & atrial repolarization
T wave -ventricular repolarization
PR interval-AV node delay
ST segment –entire ventricle is depolarized

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15
Q

Cardiac output (CO)

A

amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 minute

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16
Q

Layers of arteries and veins

A

tunica intima, media and externa

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17
Q

Branches of the arch of the aorta

A
  1. brachiocephalic trunk
  2. left common carotid artery
  3. left subclavian artery
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18
Q

What is the function of blood vessels?

A

Vascular highways’ that transport blood around the body to meet demands

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19
Q

Arterioles

A

regulate blood flow into tissues

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20
Q

Venules

A

carry away waste from tissues

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21
Q

Pulse pressure

A

difference between systolic & diastolic pressures. It is this pressure difference we can feel when taking our pulse

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22
Q

Mean arterial pressure

A

the average pressure during each cardiac cycle

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23
Q

MAP =

A

diastolic pressure + 1/3 (systolic –diastolic)

MAP = CO x TPR

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24
Q

Blood flow to any given organ depends on

A
  1. resistance of local arterioles

2. vascularisation/open capillaries

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25
Q

Baroreceptors

A

regulates short-term responses in MAP

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26
Q

Long-term regulation of MAP

A

Left atrial volume receptors and Hypothalamic osmoreceptor

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27
Q

nasal septum

A

central wall of bone dividing the nasal cavity

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28
Q

Lateral wall of nasal cavity + function

A

conchae- increase the surface area

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29
Q

Pharynx divisions

A

Nasopharynx: from floor of skull to soft palate,
Oropharynx: from soft palate to hyoid bone
Laryngopharynx: from hyoid bone to oesophagus

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30
Q

Larynx

A

voice box, connects the pharynx to the trachea

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31
Q

larynx ligaments

A

Superior (vestibular) ligaments; Vestibular folds: false vocal cords
Inferior (vocal) ligaments; Vocal folds: true vocal cords

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32
Q

Trachea function

A

filter, warm, humidify air

splits at carina to primary bronchi

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33
Q

The Bronchi branches

A

Primary bronchus
Secondary bronchus
Tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles

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34
Q

bronchioles branches

A

terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli

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35
Q

Pulmonary ventilation and Boyle’s Law

A

Increasing volume of the thoracic cavity during inhalation decreases intrapulmonary pressure

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36
Q

2 Pleura cavities

A

visceral (no pain) and parietal (pain)

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37
Q

Breathing types

A

Eupnea - quiet

hypereunpea - fast forced

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38
Q

Goblet cells produce?

A

mucin an mucous glands

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39
Q

venous return

A

volume of blood returning to heart each minute

40
Q

blow flow is directly proportional to…..

A

pressure gradient

41
Q

korokoff sounds

A

turbulent sounds of blood flow

42
Q

diastole is pressure ______ the cuff

A

below

43
Q

systole is pressure _____ the cuff

A

above

44
Q

airflow is directly proportional to

A

pressure gradient

45
Q

alveolus

A

gas filled air space

46
Q

surfactant

A

mixture of detergent like liquids that decrease water cohesiveness and reduce surface tension

47
Q

premature babies lack_____

A

surfactant - alveoli may collapse between breaths

48
Q

compliance

A

stretchy

49
Q

lung compliance is determined by

A

distensibility of lung tissue

alveolar surface tension

50
Q

respiratory volumes

A

tidal
inspiratory
expiratory
residual

51
Q

respiratory capacities

A

inspiratory
functional residual
vital
total

52
Q

dead space

A

air never used in gas exchange

53
Q

2 ventilation types

A

pulmonary

alveolar

54
Q

spirometry

A

lung function test used to differentiate between obstructive and restrictive lung diseases

55
Q

gas exchange by diffusion

A
  • partial pressure gradient
  • thickness and surface area
  • ventilation and perfusion
56
Q

2 forms of oxygen transport

A
  • bound to haemoglobin

- dissolved in plasma

57
Q

haemoglobin contains…

A

4 oxygen molecules

58
Q

loading and unloading is regulated by:

A

partial pressure
temperature
blood hydrogen levels

59
Q

3 ways of Carbon dioxide transport

A

dissolved in plasma
bound to haemoglobin
as bicarbonate ions in plasma

60
Q

Amount of CO2 transported is affected by

A

02 levels

61
Q

2 neural mechanisms

A

medullary respiratory

pons respiratory

62
Q

medullary respiratory 2 neural clusters

A

ventral and dorsal respiratory group

63
Q

pons respiratory

A

fine tune breathing during activity

64
Q

what has greatest influence on respiration and ventilation

A

CO2

65
Q

breathing during exercise can be caused by,

A

psychological anticipation of exercise

motor activation

66
Q

Lung diseases

A

asthma, bronchitis, TB, cancer, sleep apnea

67
Q

Which vessel brings blood directly into the right atrium?

A

superior vena cava

68
Q

atrioventricular (AV) valve

A

prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium

69
Q

During the period of ventricular filling, ________.

A

blood flows mostly passively from the atria through the atrioventricular (AV) valves into the ventricles

70
Q

blood vessel resistance is determined by

A

blood vessel radius

71
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume

72
Q

Which determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

A

partial pressure gradient

73
Q

The receiving chambers of the heart

A

right and left atria

74
Q

foramen ovale

A

connected the two atria in the fetal heart

75
Q

which ligament produces sounds

A

vocal ligament

76
Q

Expain how the respiratory system can function to influence acid balance

A

When we exhale carbon dioxide it has the ability to neutralise the pH in our body, if carbon dioxide remained in our body for too long it will mix with water and produce hydrogen ions that drop the pH in our body.

77
Q

what to goblet cells produce

A

mucin- humidifies air

78
Q

During inspiration the volume of the lungs expands which causes pressure in the alveoli to

A

become lower than the atmospheric pressure

79
Q

3 things that affect air flow

A
  1. Resistance of airway passages
  2. Alveolar surface tension and surfactant
  3. Lung compliance
80
Q

What are the three main factors that affect gas exchange?

A
  1. Partial pressure gradient
  2. Thickness and surface area of exchange membranes
  3. Ventilation-perfusion coupling
81
Q

What are some ways that haemoglobin loading and unloading is regulated by?

A
  • Partial pressure of oxygen
  • Temperature
  • Hydrogen ions
82
Q

What are the three ways that carbon dioxide is carried in blood?

A
  1. Dissolved in plasma
  2. Bound to haemoglobin within red blood cells
  3. As bicarbonate ions in plasma
83
Q

2 left & 2 right pulmonary veins

from each lung carry

A 
oxygen rich (oxygenated) blood to the left
atrium
84
Q

1 left & 1 right pulmonary

artery carry

A 
oxygen poor (deoxygenated) blood to each
lung
85
Q

Right ventricle pumps into

A

Pulmonary trunk

86
Q

what vessel supplies the heart with blood

A

coronary arteries

87
Q

how does blood get back to the heart

A

through superior vena cava

88
Q

coronary circulation

A

hearts own blood supply

89
Q

list bloow flow through heart

A

(blue) SUP + INF vena cava, RA, RV, pulmonary trunk…
to lungs..
(red) in through 4 pulmonary veins, LA, LV, Aorta

90
Q

fissures in left lung

A

oblique

91
Q

fissures in right lung

A

oblique and horizontal (3 lobes)

92
Q

muscles used in quiet breathing

A

diaphragm, ext intercostals

93
Q

muscles used in forced breathing

A

accessory and int intercostals

94
Q

mechanical phases of cardiac cycle

A
  • ventricular filling
  • isovolumetric contraction
  • ventricular ejection
  • isovolumetric relaxation
95
Q

pressure changes in in cardiac cycle

A

valves open when pressure is higher in first compartment.

valves close when pressure is higher in next compartment. (direction of blood flow).

96
Q

partial pressure gradient

A

difference in partial pressure between blood &

surrounding structures

BIOM1071 (7 decks)

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