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BIOM1071 > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Immunity

A

ability to resist infectious diseases

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2
Q

2 Mechanisms mediating resistance

A

Innate defenses and adaptive defenses

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3
Q

2 innate defenses types

A

surface barriers and internal defenses

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4
Q

2 adaptive defenses

A

humoral and cellular immunity

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5
Q

3 barriers of entry of pathogens and eg.

A

physical - skin, mucus
chemical - acid Ph, enzymes `
biological competition - commensals in gut and skin compete with pathogens

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6
Q

properties of innate immunity

A

rapid acting
similar response each time
initiates inflammation

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7
Q

Phagocytes

A

neutrophils, monoctyes and macrophages and dendrite cells

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8
Q

neutrophils

A

70% of WBC, first cell to migrate to infection site

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9
Q

macrophages

A

phagocytes resident in tissues. blood precursors are monocytes

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10
Q

Other innate immune cells

A

Mast cells, basophils, eosinophils and natural killer cells

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11
Q

initiation of inflammation

A
  • leukocytosis
  • margination
  • diapedesis - cells squeezing out
  • chemotaxis
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12
Q

how to innate immune cells recognize pathogens

A

PAMP’s, which are recognized by PRR

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13
Q

4 responses to PAMP’‘S

A
  • Secretion of cytokines
  • recognition of organisms for phagocytosis
  • enhanced killing
  • maturation of dendritic cells
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14
Q

TLR’s and 2 examples

A

key pattern recognition receptors (PRR) for PAMP’s expressed by innate immune cells.
eg. LPS and flagellin

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15
Q

where do immune cells develop

A

bone marrow

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16
Q

where do T cells mature

A

thymus

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17
Q

Steps in lymphatic system

A
  • blood leaves capillaries and enters tissues
  • fluid drains out of tissues into capillaries and vessels
  • lymph fluid returns to blood stream via thoracic duct
  • lymph nodes are filled with immune cells and act as filters
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18
Q

Acquired immunity cells

A

Lymphocytes- T and B cells

19
Q

Function of T and B cells

A

T - provide cell mediated immunity through Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTL) and Helper T cells

B - Secrete antibody proteins which give humoral immunity

20
Q

Key feature of acquired immunity

A

has a specific memory

21
Q

5 antibody classes

A
  1. IgM
  2. IgG
  3. IgA
  4. IgE
  5. IgD
22
Q

4 ways antibodies act

A
  1. neutralisation - antibody binding to virus can block its entry
  2. opsonisation to promote phagocytosis
  3. activation of complement system
  4. triggering if mast cells to release histamine
23
Q

B and T cell recognition

A

B cells recognise small region of whole antigen (epitope)

T cells recognise short peptides of antigen, bound on surface of antigen presenting cell (APC) on an MHC molecule.

24
Q

2 Consequences of antigen recognition

A
  • Proliferation - colonial expansion

- Differentiation - cells mature effector cell

25
Q

Different approaches to vaccination

A
  • live attenuated
  • inactivated pathogens
  • subunit
  • toxoid
  • live vectored
  • mNRA
  • DNA
26
Q

PAMPS vs Antigens

A

PAMPS -stimulates innate immune response which alerts DC to infection
Antigen- recognised by t cell receptor (signal 1)

27
Q

Heard Immunity + equation

A

when enough people are immune, infection runs out of hosts

qc=1-R0

28
Q

dendritic cells

A

major APC CELLS Mature and migrate to lymph nodes

29
Q

MHC cell

A

display antigen to T cell. highly variable

30
Q

Activation of T cell requires

A
  1. signal 1 - t cell receptor binding MHC to Ag

2. Signal 2 - costimulatory signal

31
Q

Phases of vaccine development

A
  1. pre - clinical
  2. phase 1 human
  3. phase 2 human
  4. phase 3 human
  5. regulatory review
32
Q

Public education to anti vax

A
  • accurate information
  • vaccine safety explained
  • rick benefit analysis
33
Q

what is both signals needed in any vaccine

A

PAMPS and Antigens

34
Q

adjuvant

A

what vaccines use with purified protein to provide innate immune stimulus formally given by PAMPS .

35
Q

what does a vaccination do

A

aims to prime the adaptive immune system to the antigens of a particular microbe so the first infection includes a secondary response.

36
Q

Critical immunisation threshold

A

fraction of people who need to be vaccinated to stop a disease circulating

37
Q

R 0- basic reproductive number

A

average number of people who will be infected by one infectious persons

38
Q

Causes of immunodeficiency diseases

A

Genetic or due to exposure

39
Q

Examples of immunodeficiency disorders

A

SCID, AIDS, HIV

40
Q

Auto Immunity

A
  • failure of tolerance

- system or organ specific

41
Q

Examples of autoimmune diseases

A
  • Type 1 diabetes
  • narcolepsy
  • multiple sclerosis
  • allergies
42
Q

Requirement for allergies

A
  1. prior sensitisation to allergen - results in production of IgE
  2. allergen binding to IgE mast cells
  3. severe response leads to anaphylactic shock
43
Q

Hygiene hypothesis

A

birth order and expose to kids affects allergy likelihood

44
Q

What alters our microbiome

A
  • bottle feeding and caesarian
  • antibiotics
  • household cleanliness
  • indoor / urban lifestyle
  • diet and obesity

BIOM1071 (7 decks)

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