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Microbiology > Review Sheet 4: DNA > Flashcards

Review Sheet 4: DNA Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Griffith

A

(1928) Discovered a virulent strain could transform a non virulent strain

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2
Q

Avery, Macleod, McCarty

A

(1944) Discovered Griffith’s transforming agent was DNA

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3
Q

Hershey, Chase

A 
(1952) Radioactive DNA (32P) went from virus to bacteria. 
Radioactive Protein (35S) did not.
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4
Q

Origin of Replication

A

Where DNA Replication starts

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5
Q

of Origin of Replications in Eukaryotes

A

Many per chromosome

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6
Q

of Origin of Replications in Prokaryotes

A

1 per chromosome

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7
Q

Prokaryotic chromosome shape

A

1 circular chromosome

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8
Q

Eukaryotic Chromosome

A

Many linear chromosome

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9
Q

Rolling circle replication

A

DNA Polymerase keeps going in circles around plasmid, only later does it cut/make double strand.

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10
Q

Plasmid

A

Small circular DNA independent of chromosome

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11
Q

Replication fork

A

Fork where 1 strand –> 2 strands

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12
Q

Auxotrophy

A

Organism cannot make a particular molecule

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13
Q

Prototrphy

A

Organism able to make a particular molecule

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14
Q

Replica Plating

A

“Stamp” a plate onto a piece of fabric, then stamp the fabric onto many plates.

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15
Q

Mutant selection

A

will only grow on a plate if you have a particular gene or mutation

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16
Q

Ames Test

A

Test a chemical to see if it is mutagenic:

  1. Start w/ bacteria that cannot grow on a selective plate
  2. Mix w/ potential mutagen
  3. If chemical is mutagenic, bacteria will grow
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17
Q

Velvet

A

“Stam” used in replica painting

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18
Q

Horizontal Gene Transfer

A

DNA goes from 1 organism to another, not by mitosis/meiosis

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19
Q

3 types of bacterial HGT

A
  1. Conjugation
  2. Transformation
  3. Transduction
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20
Q

Requirements for successful HGT

A

To be stable it must end up on plasmid or chromosome

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21
Q

Pillus

A

Hollow Fimbrae, transfers DNA through

Bacteria’s answer to the penis

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22
Q

F- Episome

A

Contains genes needed to make a pillus.

Transferred via pillus

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23
Q

Episome

A

A plasmid that can integrate in/out of chromosome

24
Q

F’ Plasmid

A

F plasmid back out of chromosome with some chromosomal DNA

25
Q

R-Plasmid

A

Plasmid passed by conjugation w/antibiotic resistance gene

26
Q

Col-Plasmid

A

Makes proteins that kill other bacteria

27
Q

HFR strain

A

High Frequency of Recombination (has F plasmid)

28
Q

Curing

A

Losing a plasmid from a population

29
Q

Transposons

A

DNA seq that can ‘hop’ from 1 location to another

- Often has resistance genes

30
Q

2 Transformation techniques

A
  1. Electroporation

2. Heat Shock

31
Q

Competent Cells

A

Capable of being transformed

32
Q

Transformation

A

‘Naked’ DNA (plasmid/fragment) from 1 cell to another

33
Q

Transduction

A

(Prokaryote) DNA transferred by virus

34
Q

Lytic

A

Virus copies self, lyses bacteria

35
Q

Lysogenic

A

Virus integrates viral DNA into chromosome

36
Q

Structural Genomics

A

Involves only what you can learn from the DNA sequence

37
Q

Bioinfomatics

A

Using computers to analyze sequences

38
Q

Functional Genomics

A

What do the sequences do?

39
Q

Comparative Genomics

A

Compare genomes of different organisms

40
Q

Proteomics

A

Studying all proteins in a cell/organism

41
Q

Metagenomics

A
  • aka environmental genomics
  • Study genome of all organisms in a sample
  • ex: genome of a sample of dirt.
42
Q

Shotgun sequencing

A
  1. Generate genomic library
  2. Shotgun sequence in lots of vectors (each piece gets its own vector)
  3. Align fragments with computer
  4. Editing. Don’t trust computer. Double check
43
Q

Genomic Library

A

Collection of genomic DNA, each in its own vector

44
Q

Vector

A

Something (usually plasmid) used to replicate a DNA of interest

45
Q

ORF

A

Open Reading Frames

Start codon, <100 other codons, stop codon

46
Q

EST

A

Expressed sequence tag, small cDNA

47
Q

Gene Chip

A

Way to measure how much of each mRNA is present in a cell

48
Q

cDNA

A

Cloned DNA

Derived from mRNA by reverse transcriptase

49
Q

Difference in Genomic and cDNA

A
  1. cDNA lacks introns

2. (In eukaryotes) cDNA has a poly-a tail

50
Q

How comparative genomics can tell which genes are important

A

Important genes conserved over different organisms

51
Q

G+C content

A

% of G and C nucleotides in genome vs A+T

52
Q

Core Genome

A

Genes in every member of a species

53
Q

Pan Genome

A

All genes in any member of a species

54
Q

ChIP Assay

A

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation

Determines what DNA binds what proteins in vivo

55
Q

2D Gel Electrophoresis

A

Separates DNA or proteins by size/charge

56
Q

Mass Spectometry

A

Accurately determine mass of something

Microbiology (10 decks)

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