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Microbiology > Review Sheet 3: Metabolism > Flashcards

Review Sheet 3: Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

Metabolic Pathways

A

Pathways that change 1 organic molecule into another

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2
Q

Anabolic pathways

A

Building- making useful molecules

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3
Q

Catabolic pathways

A

Breaking down, usually for energy.

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4
Q

Apoenzyme

A

Protein part of an enzyme

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5
Q

Cofactor

A

Non enzyme part of enzyme

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6
Q

Holoenzyme

A

Apoenzyme +any cofactors

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7
Q

3 ways to channel metabolic pathways

A
  1. Putting enzymes in particular locations
  2. Turning on/off (Allosteric enzymes or phosphorylation)
  3. Controlling level of enzyme in a cell (Transcription factors)
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8
Q

Allosteric Enzymes

A

Turn on/off by a molecule binding to enzyme somewhere NOT the active site. Causes enzyme to change shape.

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9
Q

Phosphorylation (and other reversible modifications)

A

Put PO-4 on a protein.

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10
Q

3 organic electron carriers

A
  1. NAD+/NADH; FADH/FADH2; NADP+/NADPH
  2. Cytochromes
  3. Others (ubiquinones, non-heme iron proteins)
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11
Q

What generates energy, is a part of catabolism?

A

Usually oxidation

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12
Q

What uses energy as a part of anabolism?

A

Usually reduction

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13
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Oxidation for energy in which oxygen receives electrons. Chemoorganotrphy.

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14
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Oxidation for energy in which oxygen is NOT the recipient of electrons. Chemoorganotrophy.

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15
Q

Fermentation

A

Energy from food, no net oxidation. Electrons transferred back to food. Chemoorganotrophy.

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16
Q

Glycolysis

A

Converts glucose into 2 pyruvate

  • Produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
  • Fermentation or aerobic respiration.
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17
Q

Entner-Doudoroff Pathway

A

Converts Glucose into 2 pyruvate

  • Some bacteria do it
  • Produces 2 ATP, 1 NADH, 1 NADPH
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18
Q

Pentose Phosphate pathway

A

Converts glucose into ribose, makes NADPH

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19
Q

Simple fermentation

A

Uses NADH to convert pyruvate into a fermentation product (Lactic acid, ethanol, formic acid, usually.)

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20
Q

Homolactic fermenters

A

Make only lactic acid (Humans)

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21
Q

Heterolactic fermenters

A

Make lactic acid and something else

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22
Q

Formic Acid Fermenters

A

Carbonic acid –> CO2 +H2

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23
Q

Mixed acid fermenters

A

make various acids in addition to formic acid

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24
Q

Butanediol fermenters

A

Formic acid and butanediol

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25
Q

Kreb’s Cycle

A

Oxidizes pyruvate into CO2

- Generates lots of NADH and FADH2

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26
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A
  1. Electron Transport Chain
    Electrons from NADH and FADH2 put onto O2. Makes a proton gradient.
  2. ATP synthesis
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27
Q

Beta oxidation

A

Fatty acids oxidized

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28
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

making new glucose

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29
Q

phosphorous assimilation

A

Phosphate added to ADP to make ATP

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30
Q

Sulfure assimilation

A

Sulfate reduced to sulfite, which can be redused to H2S

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31
Q

Assimilatory Nitrate Reduction

A

NO3- (nitrate) reduced to NO2- (nitrite) which can be reduced to NH4+ (ammonium)

32
Q

Assimilation

A

Used in making things

33
Q

Dissimilatory nitrate reduction

A

Part of anaerobic respiration

34
Q

Nitrogen Fixation

A

Converts N2 gas to useful Nitrogen (NO2, NO3, etc.)

35
Q

Organisms that fix Nitrogen

A
  1. Rhizobium (in legumes)
  2. Cyanobacteria
  3. Few random other freeliving bacteria
36
Q

3 Major types of Anaerobic Respiration

A
  1. Nitrate Reduction
  2. Methanogens
  3. Sulfate Reduction
37
Q

Nitrate Reduction

A

N03 –> N02 –>NO–N20–>NO–>N2(g) or NH4

38
Q

Denitrification

A

N is converted to gaseous N.

39
Q

Methanogens

A

Reduce CO2 —>CH4

40
Q

Sulfate Reduction

A

Reduce SO4 to H2S.

41
Q

Where do electrons go in Nitrate reduction?

A

N.

42
Q

Where do electrons go in Methanogens?

A

C. Not O.

43
Q

Where do electrons go in sulfate reductions

A

S. Not O.

44
Q

How is energy stored in plants?

A

starch

45
Q

How is energy stored in animals?

A

glycogen

46
Q

How is energy stored in yeast?

A

Dextrin

47
Q

How is energy stored in bacteria?

A

Dextrin or PHB (which can be made into plastic)

48
Q

Glyceride lipid structure

A

1 glycerol, 3 FAs

49
Q

what process can lead to nitrification

A

Nitrifying bacteria

50
Q

Is Nitrification lithotrophy or organotrophy?

A

Lithotrophy. It is not anaerobic respiration.

51
Q

Is Denitrification part of lithotrophy or organotrophy?

A

Organotrophy, part of anaerobic respiration.

52
Q

Similarities in chemolithotrophy and chemoorganotrophy

A

They both use an electron transport chain to make a proton gradient and ATP.

53
Q

Differences in Chemolithotrophy and Chemoorganotrophy

A

The electron donor in chemolithotrophy is NOT DADH/FADH2 (Organic food) but an INORGANIC molecule

54
Q

3 Electron sources for Chemolithotrophs

A
  1. H2
  2. Nitrifying Bacteria
  3. Sulfur compounds
55
Q

Light Reactions…

A

Use chlorophylls or cartenoids to capture light to make ATP and sometimes NADPH

56
Q

Dark Reactions…

A

Use ATP and NADPH to fix CO2 and make glucose. (Also called Calvin Cycle)

57
Q

Rubisco

A

Enzyme in Dark Reaction

58
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Captures photons, green.

59
Q

Cartenoids

A

Accessory pigments, capture photons with a range of colors.

60
Q

Photosystem I

A
  • Comes after PSII
  • Can operate by itself.
  • captures photons, excites electrons and passes them on.
61
Q

Photosystem II

A

Comes first, cannot operate by itself.

Captures photons, passes e- on to PSI

62
Q

Antenna

A

A stack of light capturing membranes (thylakoid in plants)

63
Q

4 types of photosynthetic organisms

A
  1. Eukaryotes
  2. Cyanobacteria
  3. Green Bacteria
  4. Purple bacteria
64
Q

Eukaryotes and Cyanobacteria…

A
  • are oxygenic
  • PS I and PS II
  • Make NADPH
  • Dark Rxns
65
Q

Green Bacteria and Purple Bacteria…

A
  • Anoxygenic
  • PSI only
  • No NADPH or Dark Rxns
66
Q

Autolysins

A

Partially degrade peptidoglycans so bacteria can grow.

67
Q

Growth zone in cocci

A

Builds new wall in a septal region to divide cell

68
Q

Growth zone in rods

A

constantly growing along numerous points until it splits.

69
Q

What determines if an organism is acid fast?

A

Mycolic Acid

70
Q

Why is heat or detergent needed in acid fast staining?

A

Drives the stain into the cells

71
Q

Why is heat fixation sometimes omitted?

A

To maintain shape of cell

72
Q

What’s the difference between a butt and a slant?

A

You streak the slant and stab the butt.

Butt makes anoxygenic conditions, shows gas formation

73
Q

Iodine on starch plates

A

will stain everything but the halo made if the starch is degraded.

74
Q

Durham tubes detect…

A

gas

75
Q

phenol red detects…

A

acid formation

Microbiology (10 decks)

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