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Microbiology > Review Sheet 3: Metabolism > Flashcards

Review Sheet 3: Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolic Pathways

A

Pathways that change 1 organic molecule into another

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2
Q

Anabolic pathways

A

Building- making useful molecules

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3
Q

Catabolic pathways

A

Breaking down, usually for energy.

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4
Q

Apoenzyme

A

Protein part of an enzyme

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5
Q

Cofactor

A

Non enzyme part of enzyme

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6
Q

Holoenzyme

A

Apoenzyme +any cofactors

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7
Q

3 ways to channel metabolic pathways

A
  1. Putting enzymes in particular locations
  2. Turning on/off (Allosteric enzymes or phosphorylation)
  3. Controlling level of enzyme in a cell (Transcription factors)
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8
Q

Allosteric Enzymes

A

Turn on/off by a molecule binding to enzyme somewhere NOT the active site. Causes enzyme to change shape.

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9
Q

Phosphorylation (and other reversible modifications)

A

Put PO-4 on a protein.

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10
Q

3 organic electron carriers

A
  1. NAD+/NADH; FADH/FADH2; NADP+/NADPH
  2. Cytochromes
  3. Others (ubiquinones, non-heme iron proteins)
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11
Q

What generates energy, is a part of catabolism?

A

Usually oxidation

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12
Q

What uses energy as a part of anabolism?

A

Usually reduction

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13
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Oxidation for energy in which oxygen receives electrons. Chemoorganotrphy.

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14
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Oxidation for energy in which oxygen is NOT the recipient of electrons. Chemoorganotrophy.

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15
Q

Fermentation

A

Energy from food, no net oxidation. Electrons transferred back to food. Chemoorganotrophy.

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16
Q

Glycolysis

A

Converts glucose into 2 pyruvate

  • Produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
  • Fermentation or aerobic respiration.
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17
Q

Entner-Doudoroff Pathway

A

Converts Glucose into 2 pyruvate

  • Some bacteria do it
  • Produces 2 ATP, 1 NADH, 1 NADPH
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18
Q

Pentose Phosphate pathway

A

Converts glucose into ribose, makes NADPH

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19
Q

Simple fermentation

A

Uses NADH to convert pyruvate into a fermentation product (Lactic acid, ethanol, formic acid, usually.)

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20
Q

Homolactic fermenters

A

Make only lactic acid (Humans)

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21
Q

Heterolactic fermenters

A

Make lactic acid and something else

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22
Q

Formic Acid Fermenters

A

Carbonic acid –> CO2 +H2

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23
Q

Mixed acid fermenters

A

make various acids in addition to formic acid

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24
Q

Butanediol fermenters

A

Formic acid and butanediol

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25
Kreb's Cycle
Oxidizes pyruvate into CO2 | - Generates lots of NADH and FADH2
26
Oxidative phosphorylation
1. Electron Transport Chain Electrons from NADH and FADH2 put onto O2. Makes a proton gradient. 2. ATP synthesis
27
Beta oxidation
Fatty acids oxidized
28
gluconeogenesis
making new glucose
29
phosphorous assimilation
Phosphate added to ADP to make ATP
30
Sulfure assimilation
Sulfate reduced to sulfite, which can be redused to H2S
31
Assimilatory Nitrate Reduction
NO3- (nitrate) reduced to NO2- (nitrite) which can be reduced to NH4+ (ammonium)
32
Assimilation
Used in making things
33
Dissimilatory nitrate reduction
Part of anaerobic respiration
34
Nitrogen Fixation
Converts N2 gas to useful Nitrogen (NO2, NO3, etc.)
35
Organisms that fix Nitrogen
1. Rhizobium (in legumes) 2. Cyanobacteria 3. Few random other freeliving bacteria
36
3 Major types of Anaerobic Respiration
1. Nitrate Reduction 2. Methanogens 3. Sulfate Reduction
37
Nitrate Reduction
N03 --> N02 -->NO--N20-->NO-->N2(g) or NH4
38
Denitrification
N is converted to gaseous N.
39
Methanogens
Reduce CO2 --->CH4
40
Sulfate Reduction
Reduce SO4 to H2S.
41
Where do electrons go in Nitrate reduction?
N.
42
Where do electrons go in Methanogens?
C. Not O.
43
Where do electrons go in sulfate reductions
S. Not O.
44
How is energy stored in plants?
starch
45
How is energy stored in animals?
glycogen
46
How is energy stored in yeast?
Dextrin
47
How is energy stored in bacteria?
Dextrin or PHB (which can be made into plastic)
48
Glyceride lipid structure
1 glycerol, 3 FAs
49
what process can lead to nitrification
Nitrifying bacteria
50
Is Nitrification lithotrophy or organotrophy?
Lithotrophy. It is not anaerobic respiration.
51
Is Denitrification part of lithotrophy or organotrophy?
Organotrophy, part of anaerobic respiration.
52
Similarities in chemolithotrophy and chemoorganotrophy
They both use an electron transport chain to make a proton gradient and ATP.
53
Differences in Chemolithotrophy and Chemoorganotrophy
The electron donor in chemolithotrophy is NOT DADH/FADH2 (Organic food) but an INORGANIC molecule
54
3 Electron sources for Chemolithotrophs
1. H2 2. Nitrifying Bacteria 3. Sulfur compounds
55
Light Reactions...
Use chlorophylls or cartenoids to capture light to make ATP and sometimes NADPH
56
Dark Reactions...
Use ATP and NADPH to fix CO2 and make glucose. (Also called Calvin Cycle)
57
Rubisco
Enzyme in Dark Reaction
58
Chlorophyll
Captures photons, green.
59
Cartenoids
Accessory pigments, capture photons with a range of colors.
60
Photosystem I
- Comes after PSII - Can operate by itself. - captures photons, excites electrons and passes them on.
61
Photosystem II
Comes first, cannot operate by itself. | Captures photons, passes e- on to PSI
62
Antenna
A stack of light capturing membranes (thylakoid in plants)
63
4 types of photosynthetic organisms
1. Eukaryotes 2. Cyanobacteria 3. Green Bacteria 4. Purple bacteria
64
Eukaryotes and Cyanobacteria...
- are oxygenic - PS I and PS II - Make NADPH - Dark Rxns
65
Green Bacteria and Purple Bacteria...
- Anoxygenic - PSI only - No NADPH or Dark Rxns
66
Autolysins
Partially degrade peptidoglycans so bacteria can grow.
67
Growth zone in cocci
Builds new wall in a septal region to divide cell
68
Growth zone in rods
constantly growing along numerous points until it splits.
69
What determines if an organism is acid fast?
Mycolic Acid
70
Why is heat or detergent needed in acid fast staining?
Drives the stain into the cells
71
Why is heat fixation sometimes omitted?
To maintain shape of cell
72
What's the difference between a butt and a slant?
You streak the slant and stab the butt. | Butt makes anoxygenic conditions, shows gas formation
73
Iodine on starch plates
will stain everything but the halo made if the starch is degraded.
74
Durham tubes detect...
gas
75
phenol red detects...
acid formation

Microbiology (10 decks)

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