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Drugs and Human Behavior final > Review questions chapters 13-18 > Flashcards

Review questions chapters 13-18 Flashcards

Treating Substance Abuse Disorders

1
Q

Opioid receptors are normally acted on by naturally occurring opiod-like products naturally in the nervous system. What are they?

A
  • Endocrine glands
  • Endorphins
  • Enkephalins
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2
Q

what happens when someone dies of opioid overdose?

A
  • coma
  • depressed respiration
  • pinpoint pupils
  • breath ceases and death
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3
Q

What two chemicals are extracted from the opium poppy?

A

morphine and codeine.

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4
Q

What was the significance of De Quincey’s writing about opium eating?

A

The contributions to the understanding of addiction and its effects on the individual and society.

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5
Q

What is the effect of a narcotic antagonist on someone who has developed a physical dependence on opioids?

A

a narcotic antagonist can be life-saving in the event of opioid overdose by reversing respiratory depression.

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6
Q

What are the enkephalins and endorphins and how do they relate to plant-derived opioids such as morphine?

A

They all act on the same opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

Why is taking opioids in combination with sedatives not advised?

A

Because both drugs cause sedation and in combination with one another they create greater risk for respiratory depression and death.

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8
Q

What does LSD, a synthetic psychedelic, do?

A
  • Alters perceptual processes
  • Enhances emotionality so the real world is seen differently
  • responded to with great emotion.
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9
Q

What type of hallucinogens have similar effects to LSD?

A

The Indole Hallucinogens, ones that contain the indole nucleus, like psilocybin.

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10
Q

what produces more changes in body perception and fewer visual effects than LSD?

A

PCP

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11
Q

Anticholinergics are found in many plant throughout the world and have been used as four things:

A
  • recreationally
  • medically
  • spiritually
  • as poisons
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12
Q

Describe the dependence potential of LSD in terms of tolerance and physical dependence.

A

Tolerance is created very rapidly if used frequently, but it returns to normal with absence. There is no evidence of LSD producing withdrawal symptoms so dependence is psychological.

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13
Q

What is the diagnostic term for flashback?

A

Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder

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14
Q

What is the active ingredient in the “magic mushrooms” of Mexico and is it indole or catechol?

A

psilocybin, and it is an indole compound.

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15
Q

Besides psychological effects, what other effects are reliably produced by peyote?

A
  • heart rate increase
  • diarrhea
  • pupil dilation
  • temperature change
  • muscle weakness
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16
Q

Compare MDMA and MDA in terms of how they appear to make people feel about being close to others.

A

MDMA (Ecstasy/Molly):
Boosts empathy and closeness, making bonding easier.
MDA (Sass):
feel more intense and mind-bending, they are not focused as much on warm, fuzzy feelings towards others as MDMA.

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17
Q

Which of the psychedelic plants was most associated with witchcraft?

A

mandrake root (Mandragora officinarum)

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18
Q

What can be concluded from evidence regarding violence and PCP?

A

there is evidence suggesting a link between PCP use and violence but it depends on :
- individual differences
- dosage
- co-occurring substance use
- environmental facotrs

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19
Q

Which psychedelic acts as an agonist at kappa opiate receptors?

A

Salvinorin A

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20
Q

Cannabis contains many active chemicals but the most active is what?

A

THC

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21
Q

difference between smoking and eating THC:

A

smoking: rapid absorption
eating: incompletely and slowly.

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22
Q

What are the major differences between C. Sativa and C. Indica?

A

Sativa: Mood disorders, appetite stimulation.
Indica: Pain relief, insomnia, stress reduction.

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23
Q

How are hashish and sinsemilla produced?

A

Hashish:
Made by collecting resin from cannabis plants and pressing it into blocks.
Sinsemilla:
High-quality buds from female cannabis plants grown without seeds.
More potent and favored for smoking or vaporizing.

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24
Q

When and where was the earliest recorded medical use of cannabis?

A

ancient china

25
Q

What were the general conclusions of the 1944 LaGuardia Commision?

A

The LaGuardia Committee found that marijuana wasn’t a gateway drug, didn’t cause crime or violence, and could have medical benefits. They suggested it wasn’t a big social problem.

26
Q

What is meant by “cannabinoid” and about how many are there in Cannabis?

A

“Cannabinoid” refers to chemicals in cannabis that affect the body. There are over 100 of them in cannabis, like THC and CBD.

27
Q

What is the cannabinoid found in brain tissue?

A

anandamide

28
Q

How is the action of THC in the brain terminated after about 30 minutes, when the half-life of metabolism is much longer than that?

A

THC’s effects wear off because it’s broken down quickly in the body, even though traces of it can stick around for much longer.

29
Q

What are the two most consistent physiological effects of smoking marijuana?

A
  • increase heat rate
  • decrease in pressure in the eyes (good for glaucoma patients).
30
Q

What two medical uses have been approved by the FDA for dronabinol?

A
  • AIDS related anorexia
  • reduction in nausea in chemotherapy patients.
31
Q

What evidence suggests that attitudes about the regulation of marijuana have changed?

A

Legalization efforts

32
Q

What are two reasons that marijuana users might find synthetic cannabinoids appealing?

A
  • precise control of doses
  • may be subject to different regulations and rules
33
Q

have performance enhancing drugs been used throughout history in athletes?

A

yes

34
Q

what have amphetamines and caffeine shown to do in relation to performance enhancing drugs?

A
  • increase work output
  • mask the effects of fatique
35
Q

Anabolic steroid are capable of increasing:

A
  • muscle mass
  • muscle strength
36
Q

What does EPO do?

A
  • stimulated bone marrow to make more red blood cells
  • then transports oxygen to muscle cells enabling them to function more effectively
37
Q

Creatine is

A

a legal available nutritional supplement that can improve exercise performance

38
Q

What was the first type of stimulant drug reported to be used by boxers and other athletes in the 1800s?

A

Boxers and athletes in the 1800s reportedly used strychnine as a stimulant drug to boost alertness and energy, despite its dangers

39
Q

What was the first type of drug known to be widely used in international competition and that led to the first Olympic urine-testing programs?

A

amphetamines

40
Q

When and in what country were the selective anabolic steroids first developed?

A

late 1930s in Germany.

41
Q

Do amphetamines and caffeine actually enhance athletic performance? If so, how much?

A

Amphetamines:
Low to moderate doses may boost endurance and motivation.
But they’re risky, with side effects like heart problems and addiction.
Caffeine:
Moderate amounts can improve endurance and reduce effort perception.
It’s widely accepted but too much can cause jitters and stomach issues.

42
Q

Describe the basic process of building muscles and how steroids affect this process.

A

When the steroid is introduced the process of building muscles looks like this:
1) steroid interacts with the cytoplasmic receptors
2) signal from the cytoplasmic receptors goes to the nucleus
3) The translocation to the nucleus “sparks” protein synthesis
4) new protein (aka muscles) are created

43
Q

What muscle effect do we know for certain that anabolic steroids can produce in healthy males?

A

We know for certain that anabolic steroids can increase muscle mass and strength

44
Q

What specific effect of anabolic steroids might be of concern to young users and to females?

A

secondary sexual characteristics (opposite gender characteristics start to develop)

45
Q

How does EPO work to improve athletic performance?

A

EPO boosts endurance by increasing the number of red blood cells, which carry oxygen. This delays fatigue during exercise, helping athletes perform better.

46
Q

How does creatine increase strength?

A

Creatine supplements boost energy in muscles, helping them produce more force during short, intense exercises like weightlifting. This leads to increased strength and muscle mass.

47
Q

Most of the research over the past 40 years has failed to demonstrate what about prevention prgrams?

A

That they actually can produce clear, meaningful, long lasting effects on drug using behavior.

48
Q

why were the affective education programs in the 1970s criticized?

A

for being too “value free”

49
Q

what are serval examples of current school approaches that are shown to be effective on drugies?

A
  • refusal skills
  • countering advertising
  • public commitments
  • teen leaders
50
Q

What is the distinction between secondary and tertiary prevention?

A

secondary is referring to college age students who may have past drug experience, while tertiary prevention is more individuals who already have a problem and are trying to get clean.

51
Q

What is the knowledge-attitude-behavior model and what information first called it into question?

A

The belief that knowing about drugs leads to certain atittudes. People criticized it because of its simplicity.

52
Q

Explain what is meant by “value-free” values clarification programs and why they fell out of favor in the 1980s.

A

Allowed for individuals to find out their own values surrounding drugs, people didn’t like this because there is sometimes conflict between what you want and what is lawful or right.

53
Q

When the Drug-Free-Schools programs began in 1986, the emphasis shifted away from curriculum to what?

A

to emphasizing prevention efforts.

54
Q

What were the five successful components of the social influence model for smoking prevention?

A
55
Q

In the project ALERT, what was the impact of using teen leasers to assist the instructors?

A
56
Q

What distinguishes D.A.R.E from other similar programs based on the social influence model?

A
57
Q

What do ALERT and Life Skills Training have in common besides their effectiveness?

A
58
Q

What are some of the “parenting” skills that might be taught and practiced in a prevention program?

A
59
Q

What is the most common component of “drug-free workplace” plans?

A

Drugs and Human Behavior final (7 decks)

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