Chapter 13

Question 1

how do we get opium from the capsules of Papaver Somniferum?

Answer 1

Growers cut slits into the pods and lets them dry, this white liquid is what becomes opium.

Question 2

Mu Receptors

Answer 2

Mu Receptors are important for blocking pain and are a cause of addiction. As we can see from mice with no Mu receptors who are more sensitive to pain and do not become dependent to morphine.

Question 3

Opium is very ______.

Answer 3

ritualized.

Question 4

How can you take opium?

Answer 4

• Eat it
• Smoke it
• Inject it

Question 5

What are the effects of opium?

Answer 5

• Euphoria
• Lethargy
• Pain reducer

Question 6

Euphoria means:

Answer 6

extreme feelings of pleasure, happiness, and exitement.

Question 7

Lethargy:

Answer 7

state of tiredness and fatigue.

Question 8

what products have we changed opium into?

Answer 8

-morphine
-codeine
-heroin

Question 9

Heroin is ___x more potent than opium.

Answer 9

3x

Question 10

why does heroin get into the brain a little faster than morphine?

Answer 10

Because heroin is more lipid soluble than morphine.

Question 11

what percent of heroin deaths were due to a combination of heroin with some sort of drug combination:

Answer 11

75%

Question 12

Syringe

Answer 12

it was a more stable way to use drugs but created a lot of dependence.

Question 13

Why were most people using morphine in the 1920s

Answer 13

They usually were people wounded in the war or got addicted from patented medicines.

Question 14

Alkaloids are what

Answer 14

Naturally occurring organic compounds that contain basic nitrogen atoms.

Question 15

what was the opium war basically about?

Answer 15

British went to war so that they could continue pouring opium not China against the wishes of the Chinese national governemnt.

Question 16

What was the social perception of the people who were using morphine in the 1920s?

Answer 16

It was actually positive as they looked up to them as individuals who were most likely wounded in the war.

Question 17

What are opioid antagonists?

Answer 17

An example is naloxone or nalorphine, and it can save a person’s life by reversing the depressed respiration resulting from a opioid overdoes.

Question 18

What did people think was the “miracle cure”
-heroin
-morphine
-or opium?

Answer 18

Heroin. they thought it was the “non addictive treatment to morphine addiction.

Question 19

What are the similarities and differences between heroin and morphine?

Answer 19

Heroin is basically morphine but heroin is more lipid soluble, meaning it gets into the brain easier and is more addictive.

Question 20

What changed with opiates between the 60s and the 70s?

Answer 20

It changed from only socioeconomic areas dying from overdose to also upper class people dying. This resulted in the press being more interested.

Question 21

What happened in the Vietnam war with opiates?

Answer 21

10-15% of the military were addicts and they got easy access to opiates and it was very pure.

Question 22

What was “Operation golden flow”

Answer 22

Was testing pee to see what percent of returning GI’s showed positive for heroin and they found 5%.

Question 23

1970 Comprehensive Drug Act and the Vietnam war

Answer 23

It was passed during the Vietnam war so it put stress on dealers and importers that created impurities in the drugs back in the states. SO when the GI’s came home most of them quit.

Question 24

what was the rise in opioids overdose deaths, in three waves.

Answer 24

Wave 1: Rise in prescription opioids.
Wave 2: Rise in heroin overdose deaths.
Wave 3: Rise in synthetic opioid overdose deaths (fentanyl).

Question 25

Morphine is an _____ for all three kinds of receptors but is strongest for ______.

Answer 25

Agonist; Mu

Question 26

what are the three receptors that are involves in antinociceptive and analgesic mechanisms at both spinal and supraspinal levels:

Answer 26

Mu receptors: respiratory depressant
Delta receptors: Development of tolerance
Kappa receptors: Involved in sedation

Question 27

where are the three receptors (Mu, Delta, and Kappa) found

Answer 27

• Intestines
• Spinal Cord
• Thalamus
• Brainstem
• Amygdala
• Basal Ganglia
• Ant. Hypothalamus
• Midbrain

Question 28

what neurotransmitters resemble opiates and which receptor does it connect with?

Answer 28

• Mu= beta Endorphin
• Delta=Enkephalin (limited to chronic pain)
• Kappa=Dynorphins

Question 29

How does the pain signals get interfered by opium?

Answer 29

It blocks incoming pain signals right at the synapse on the spinal cord.

Question 30

How much more potent is fentanyl than morphine?

Answer 30

100x and it was intended for surgical anesthesia but has become a notorious street drug.

Question 31

Hydrocodone

Answer 31

A common prescription drug for after surgery.

Question 32

Oxyxodone

Answer 32

A common prescription drug for after surgery

Question 33

Methadone

Answer 33

A long lasting opiate agonist used to prevent withdrawal symptoms for as much as a day.