Chapter 14 Flashcards
Hallucinogens
Animism
Belief that nature derives their special characteristics from a spirit contained within the certain object, plant, or animal.
Shaman
Individuals who use knowledge of drug containing plants for traditions.
Psychotomimetic
mimic psychosis, which means that they produce an alteration in perception.
Entheogen
substances thought to create spiritual or religious experiences.
Entactogen
substances that can enhance feelings of empathy (example is MDMA).
Three different classification of Hallucinations:
Mild, Medium, and Profound.
Mild classification of a hallucination:
A change in perception (seeing something in a new light).
Medium classification of a hallucination:
Things are added to objects in your visual field (an example is colored fringes).
Profound classification of a hallucination:
Seeing something not there or not seeing something that is there.
what is an Olfactory hallucination:
smells or odors that are not actually present.
what is a gustatory hallucination:
tastes or flavors that are not actually present.
What are the Indole Hallucinogens (focusing on Serotonin):
- Psilocybin
- Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
- Morning Glory
- Ergot
- LSD
what does Indoles mean:
The basic structure of the neurotransmitter serotonin.
Why do all of the Indole Hallucinogens drugs affect serotonin:
Because of the Indoleamine nucleus, they are all serotonin agonists. They stimulate serotonin.
What psychedelics contain the indoles structure? (hint: they are all the Indole Hallucinogens)
- Psilocybin
- Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
- Morning Glory
- Ergot
- LSD
Psilocybin is the active ingredient in what substance?
The active ingredient in the central American mushroom Psilocybin Mexicana.
what is Psilocybin cubensis
they are a smaller version of the mushroom psilocybin mexicana, they grow on cow dung (they are .2-.5 percent psilocybin.
Where can there be a cross tolerance with psilocybin?
LSD and catechol psychedelic mescaline because the psychedelic effects are similar.
what effects does psilocybin produce?
- complex visual hallucinations
- out of body experiences
Why does Psilocybin have a religious quality?
Users often feel a great truth is revealed and they start to lose the truth as the drug wears off.
What are the usual positive effects that occur after using psilocybin?
Intense changes in mood, perception, and thought, most individuals describe the experiences as pleasurable, enriching, and nonthreatening.
What are the acute negative effects that occur with psilocybin?
Dysphoria and anxiety
what is DMT or Dimethyltryptamine?
It is the psychoactive ingredient in Cohoba snuff.
what are the effects of Dimethyltryptamine?
-tremors
-postural spasms
-Abnormal gait
-visual
-auditory hallucinations
Why is DMT normally ineffective when taken orally?
Because it is metabolized by monoamine oxidase (MAO) before reaching the brain.
Why is DMT unique among classic psychedelics
Because tolerance does not develop.
How is Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) degraded?
It is not by the liver but by the digestive tract.
Where is morning Glory found?
In flowers, especially the seeds as when they are eaten the effects are like LSD.
Why is Morning Glory’s affects similar to LSD?
Because the active ingredient is the same. (Alpha-Lysergic-Acid Amide).