Chapter 14 Flashcards
Hallucinogens
Animism
Belief that nature derives their special characteristics from a spirit contained within the certain object, plant, or animal.
Shaman
Individuals who use knowledge of drug containing plants for traditions.
Psychotomimetic
mimic psychosis, which means that they produce an alteration in perception.
Entheogen
substances thought to create spiritual or religious experiences.
Entactogen
substances that can enhance feelings of empathy (example is MDMA).
Three different classification of Hallucinations:
Mild, Medium, and Profound.
Mild classification of a hallucination:
A change in perception (seeing something in a new light).
Medium classification of a hallucination:
Things are added to objects in your visual field (an example is colored fringes).
Profound classification of a hallucination:
Seeing something not there or not seeing something that is there.
what is an Olfactory hallucination:
smells or odors that are not actually present.
what is a gustatory hallucination:
tastes or flavors that are not actually present.
What are the Indole Hallucinogens (focusing on Serotonin):
- Psilocybin
- Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
- Morning Glory
- Ergot
- LSD
what does Indoles mean:
The basic structure of the neurotransmitter serotonin.
Why do all of the Indole Hallucinogens drugs affect serotonin:
Because of the Indoleamine nucleus, they are all serotonin agonists. They stimulate serotonin.
What psychedelics contain the indoles structure? (hint: they are all the Indole Hallucinogens)
- Psilocybin
- Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
- Morning Glory
- Ergot
- LSD
Psilocybin is the active ingredient in what substance?
The active ingredient in the central American mushroom Psilocybin Mexicana.
what is Psilocybin cubensis
they are a smaller version of the mushroom psilocybin mexicana, they grow on cow dung (they are .2-.5 percent psilocybin.
Where can there be a cross tolerance with psilocybin?
LSD and catechol psychedelic mescaline because the psychedelic effects are similar.
what effects does psilocybin produce?
- complex visual hallucinations
- out of body experiences
Why does Psilocybin have a religious quality?
Users often feel a great truth is revealed and they start to lose the truth as the drug wears off.
What are the usual positive effects that occur after using psilocybin?
Intense changes in mood, perception, and thought, most individuals describe the experiences as pleasurable, enriching, and nonthreatening.
What are the acute negative effects that occur with psilocybin?
Dysphoria and anxiety
what is DMT or Dimethyltryptamine?
It is the psychoactive ingredient in Cohoba snuff.
what are the effects of Dimethyltryptamine?
-tremors
-postural spasms
-Abnormal gait
-visual
-auditory hallucinations
Why is DMT normally ineffective when taken orally?
Because it is metabolized by monoamine oxidase (MAO) before reaching the brain.
Why is DMT unique among classic psychedelics
Because tolerance does not develop.
How is Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) degraded?
It is not by the liver but by the digestive tract.
Where is morning Glory found?
In flowers, especially the seeds as when they are eaten the effects are like LSD.
Why is Morning Glory’s affects similar to LSD?
Because the active ingredient is the same. (Alpha-Lysergic-Acid Amide).
Morning Glory’s compound is similar to LSD but is it as potent?
NO, it is about 1/10 as potent
who was leary?
He was an advocate for LSD legalization, he talked to congress about it and he basically was saying it is really hard or impossible to overdoes on LSD if it is pure.
what is Ergot
A fungus that sometimes grows on rye grains in granaries.
What happens if you eat the rye grains with Ergot on them?
-muscle spasms
-conclusions
-insomnia
-hallucinations
-limbs become swollen and inflamed and your blood vessels can constrict and result in loss of blood to limb resulting in loss of limb.***
In history what did people think was the result of ergot poisoning?
The Salem witch trials.
What is the story in how LSD was founded?
Hofmann synthesized it in 1938, it sat on the shelf for 5 years before he tried it and he experienced the effects.
How does LSD get into the body?
Taken by mouth, rapidly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, once its in the body the brain contains less LSD than any other organ in the body.
Is LSD selectively taken up in the brain?
NO, once LSD is in the body there is less LSD in the brain than any other organ in the body.
What is LSD’s half life?
about 3 hours
How is LSD metabolized?
In the liver and exerts as acid diethylamide which is inactive.
What does tolerance look like in LSD?
Tolerance develops within 3-4 days if the drug is taken daily, on multiple occasions.
Effects of LSD look like…
-dilated pupils
-elevated temperature
-increased blood pressure
increase in salvation
LSD produced greater “positive” subject effects,__________and_________ than any other drugs.
mystical experiences; ego-dissolution
what does ego-dissolution mean?
temporarily diminished sense of self often experienced through psychedelics.
Flashbacks
also called “hallucinogen persisting perception disorder” and its when the person experienced hallucinations while sober, usually because of stress.
What are benefits of LSD?
-alcohol use disorders
-reduces headaches
-reduces anxiety, like with people with life threating illness(creates preception).
The primary active ingredient in American mushroom is __________ a indole psychedelic.
Psilocybin
Half life of LSD
3hours
Over the next decade after Hofmann’s discovery of LSD, what was LSD investigated to be?
-a psychotherapy
-a truth serum
-mind control
Why did Leary talk to congress about LSD
Since LSD was aways cut with something else on the street, he argued LSD wasn’t the problem but what it was being mixed with, so pure legal LSD should be available.
what do anticholingeric hallucinogens do?
block acetycholine
what are the drugs that almost all of the Anticholinergic Hallucinogens contain?
- Atropine
- Scopolamine
- Hyoscyamine
How do anticholienergic hallucinogens affect the body? (peripherally)
- block the parasympathetic nervous system
- Increase heart rate
- Increase temprature
- casue pupil dilation
Mentally how do anticholinergic hallucinogens affect people? (centrally)
- delirium
- confusion
- drowsiness
- memory loss (no memory of drug experiences)
What is Atropa Belladonna (deadly nightshade) and what drug does it contain:
It is a very effective poison and it contains atropine
What is the deadly nightshade’s effect?
- Irregular heatbeat
- drowsiness
- “flying feeling”
What is Hyoscyamus Niger (Henbane) and what drug does it contain?
It is mostly used as poison and it contains
- Scopolamine
Mandragora Officinarum (Mandrake Root) contains what kind of drug:
- Atropine
- Scopolamine
- Hyoscyamine
What is Datura (Jimson weed, thorn-apple, stink weed) and what drugs does it contain?
VERY TOXIC
contains:
- Atropine
- Scopolamine
- Hyoscyamine
^All three drugs
What affects do Datura (the weed one) make?
- almost manic psychotic state
- NOT calm psychotic state
- you would go to the hospital
Amanita Muscaria (Fly agaric) is from what plant?
a Eurasian mushroom
what does Amanita Muscaria (Fly agaric) cause?
- intoxication
- agitation
- euphoria
- visual hallucination
- agression
- eventually sleep (similar to opium)
Amanita Muscaria creates what kind of people?
- act drunk but very agitated
Issues with flashback by Dr. Havens
there is no drug in the blood at the time, it is not released from fat!
Its most likely due to stress, antihisamine use and anxiety.
What is interesting about how Amanita Muscaria is metabolized?
It stays in the blood stream for a VERY long time.
It is excreted unchanged as people will reuse and drink pee.
Mutagens are?
meaning will cause birth defects
Does LSD cause birht defects?
It does cross the placental barrier but there has not been many observation of pure LSD creating birht defects.
What is MDMA
estacy, and it facilitates social bonding
What does MDMA increase in order to enhance feelings of connectiveness and socialbility?
increases
- plasma
- oxytocin
What other neurotransmitters contribute to the development of human interpersonal relationships other than Oxytocin?
- Dopamine
- Norepinephrin
What is MDMA dervied from?
Oils:
- nutmeg
- sassafras
- saffron
- dill
- parsley
WHat are the sympotms of brain damage from excessive ecstasy (MDMA)use:
it can cause permanent brain damage and lead to sympotms like parkinsons disease.
What are “killer joints”
when marijuana joints are mixed with PCP causing crazy effects.
what is the problem with PCP?
It uniquely causes violence among its users.
NMDA receptor antagonists can mimic what kind of symptoms?
resembling psychosis, including hallucinations, paranoid delusions, confusion, altered mood, nightmares, and learning/memory deficits.
what receptor antagonists do PCP attach to?
NMDA receptor antagonists
what was Lousy Summer of 1968 and the start of designer drugs:
experimental and cultural shifts related to PCP
