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Pest Managemenet > Review Chapters 10-15 > Flashcards

Review Chapters 10-15 Flashcards

1
Q

ecological pest issues

A

Significant alteration of habitats
Modifications to soil, water, and topography
Displacement of natural flora and fauna
Native species replaced with non-native species used for food and fiber

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2
Q

cultural control

A

purposeful manipulation of the environment to reduce
rates of pest damage

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3
Q

ecological management

A

understanding pest ecology as it relates to the deired commodity -> food, space, shelter. the goal of which is to find weak links in the insect seasonal cycle and exploit them

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4
Q

Ecological management-food

A

food is usually the easiest to take advantage of
insects have varied food requirements
some food changes seasonally
food sources usually provide nutrition and shelter

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5
Q

Categories of Ecological Management

A
  1. Reducing the average favorability of the ecosystem
  2. Disrupting the continuity of requisite food sources
  3. Diverting pest populations from the commodity
  4. Reducing the impact of insect injury
    * One or more approaches can be used at a time
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6
Q

sanitation

A

remove debris from habitat reduces survival and reproductive rates

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7
Q

crop residue destruction and utilization

A

Destroy/remove crop residues to reduce infestations
Burning
Tilling
Mowing
Livestock grazing
Downside is bad soil health

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8
Q

sanitation in logging

A

burning and pruning

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9
Q

sanitation in homes

A

removal of leaf litter and brush piles in backyards, removal of containers that hold standing water, elimination of animal waste, efficient storage

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10
Q

habitat modification

A

Certain insects may feed on alternate host plants
* Typical for when crop plants aren’t in season
* Alternate habitats and food sources can be destroyed or limited
* Reduce habitat and food = reduce pest
* Destroy volunteer plants
* Suppression of grasshoppers

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11
Q

obscuring host presence

A

pest cant find host plant ex: plastic soil mulch, metalized plastic sheets to reflect UV rays, hiding crops

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12
Q

tillage

A

Seedbed preparation
* Weed control
* Destroy alternate pest habitats
* Change soil environment
* Soil texture, moisture,
temperature, etc.
* Understanding soil types
* Life stages occur in the soil
* Informs timing and depth of tillage

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13
Q

irrigation

A

management of water

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14
Q

chemigation

A

uses irrigation system to dispense insecticides and other pesticides over area not ecologically friendly

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15
Q

Continuity disruption

A

reduces continuity in space, change crop layout over seasons or plant life

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16
Q

crop spacing

A

space crops for maximum production. close enough for as much production as possible but far enough for space to grow. plants that are too close togeather aid in insect movement

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17
Q

crop rotation`

A

most important method for discontinuity. rotates locations for specific annuals each year. improves soil structure. works best when pet has narrow host range, eggs are laid before new crops are planted, and the feeding stage is not very mobile

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18
Q

crop fallowing

A

Typically used in dry regions
* Keep area weed free the previous season, stores precipitation
* Moisture stays in the ground, higher productivity for next crop
* Precipitation from 2 growing seasons allows biennial crops to thrive

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19
Q

methods of diverting populations

A

Trap cropping
* Strip harvesting
* Intercropping
* Push-pull polycropping

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20
Q

trap cropping

A

Plant small areas of a crop or other species new the protected crop. Favorability of alternate environment (trap) lures the pest to move into the trap area and stay away from the protected plant

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21
Q

Strip harvesting

A

Similar to trap cropping, but trap is created in a main crop
* Harvest different areas at different times
* Insects in the crop are not forced to search for replacements in adjacent
crops
* Protects crops near by

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22
Q

Intercropping

A

Grow dissimilar crops in the
same location

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23
Q

Push-pull cropping

A

Goal: pest reduction on the protected host or resource
* Pests are repelled away (push) from resource using stimuli that mask
host appearance or have a repellant
* Pests are simultaneously attracted (pull) using highly apparent and
attractive stimuli
* Trap crops

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24
Q

impact of insect injury

A

Options for reducing the amount of damage done to the plant
modify host tolerance
modify harvest schedules

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25
Q

Most commonly used chemical for quality of human life

A

conventional insecticide

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26
Q

retail sale of pesticides are $_ billion

A

$14 Billion

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27
Q

Percentage of retail sale for conventional insecticides

A

66% agriculture
24% home and garden
10% industry and government

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28
Q

Percent of US household gardens use pesticides

A

85%

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29
Q

insecticide

A

insect killer

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30
Q

herbicide

A

weed killers

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31
Q

acaricide

A

mite and tick killers

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32
Q

fungicide

A

fungus killer

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33
Q

nematicide

A

nematode killer

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34
Q

what are economic poisons used for

A

controlling, preventing, destroying, repelling, mitigating pests

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35
Q

How are insecticide names formatted

A

common name, trade name(brand), chemical name

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36
Q

What do chemical formulas represent

A

composition of chemical compounds, components of single molecules, characterization of insecticides, molecular and structural formulas

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37
Q

Mode of action

A

the way in which the insecticide causes damage to the insect

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38
Q

stomach acids

A

fatal when eaten

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39
Q

contact poisons

A

fatal when come into contact with - walked on/touched

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40
Q

fumigants

A

becomes a gas above 5 degrees celcius

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41
Q

inorganic

A

no carbon

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42
Q

organic

A

has carbon atoms. most insecticides are organic, but divided into natural and synthetic

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43
Q

What are Natural insecticide separated into

A

plant based & mineral oils

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44
Q

what are synthetic insecticides separated into

A

inorganic and organic

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45
Q

How are natural insecticides made

A

refining natural substances

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46
Q

how are botanical insecticides made

A

plants

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47
Q

how are mineral oils made

A

refining petroleum

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48
Q

what are botanical insecticides used for

A

wide usage

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49
Q

what are mineral oils used for

A

fruit tree insects and mosquito larvae

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50
Q

4 major groups of active ingredients

A

organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, neonicotinoids

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51
Q

Most precise method of grouping insecticides

A

active ingredients

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52
Q

how do active ingredients get grouped

A

chemical makeup

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53
Q

What are pyrethoids

A

fast developing group of modern insecticides replacing older ones
very effective
safer for humans
highly toxic to insects in small dosages

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54
Q

what are third generation pyrethoids used in

A

cotton, corn, soybeans

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55
Q

what are third generation pyrethoids useful against

A

above ground insect pests

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56
Q

what are more potent, third generation pyrethoids or fourth

A

fourth

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57
Q

application of fourth generation pyrethoids against third generation

A

1/10th of 3rd generation

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58
Q

Carbamates

A

useful against broad spectrum of insects
wide application in agriculture
environemntally persistant
toxic to pollinators and parasitoids
highly toxic to humans

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59
Q

Organophosphates

A

nazi made
derived from phosphoric acid
very toxic to insects
unstable in light and breaks down into non toxic substances

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60
Q

most widley used group of insecticides used today

A

organophosphates

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61
Q

Organophosphate - Aliphatic Derivatives

A

Includes straight carbon chains

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62
Q

Tepp (Aliphatic Derivative)

A

oldest and most toxic. used for fly control.

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63
Q

Malathion (aliphatic Derivative)

A

effective against many insects
agricultural and home use.
used against lice, fleas, mites

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64
Q

Organophosphate - Phenyl Derivatives

A

greater stability. residues last somewhat longer in environment

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65
Q

Organophosphate - Heterocyclic derivatives

A

difficult to measure residue. limited for use on food for human consumption

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66
Q

Neonicotinoids

A

nicotine. used on aphids, leafhoppers, whiteflies, termites. low toxicity to mammals

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67
Q

Phenylpyrazoles

A

made only of fipronil which acts as a potent blocker of
the GABA-regulated chloride channel

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68
Q

pyrroles

A

contact and stomach modes of action, only chlorfenapyr

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69
Q

pyrazoles

A

contact and stomach modes of action, tebufenpyrad and
fenpyroximate

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70
Q

pyridazinones

A

rapid knockdown and long residual properties, only
pyridaben

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71
Q

Pyradine Azomethines

A

only pymetrozine, precise MoA unknown

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72
Q

Oxadiazines

A

only indoxacarb, sodium channel blocker

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73
Q

Insect Growth Regulators

A

generation 3 insecticide. disrupts growth process.

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74
Q

Repellants

A

chemical that causes insect to move away from source

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75
Q

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

A

First widely used synthetic organic insecticides. not used in US because of safety concerns. (DDT.)

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76
Q

DDT & relatives of DDT

A

Banned. residue in human bodies.

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77
Q

HCH & Lindane

A

kills more insects than DDT. strong odor and flavor that lingers on food products

78
Q

Cyclodines

A

not used in us. More toxic than DDT and more dangerous to apply

79
Q

Botanicals

A

derived from plant products. used longer than other types of insecticides

80
Q

synergists

A

increase toxicity of the insecticide directly

81
Q

adjuvants

A

auxiliaries, serve to carry the insecticide or are added to improve adhesion, mixing, surface tension, or smell

82
Q

Insecticide formulations

A

mixture of active and inert ingredients. Some are ready to use directly, others need to be diluted in water or oil

83
Q

Insecticide toxicity

A

refers to toxicity of substance inherent poisonus potency under given set of laboratory conditions.

84
Q

Mode of action

A

involves all the anatomical, physical, and biochemical
responses to a chemical, as well as its fate in the organism

85
Q

Nerve Poisons

A

affects nervous system.

86
Q

Metabolic Poisons

A

disrupts wide range of metabolic processes usually in mitochondria

87
Q

Alkylating Poisions

A

replace active hydrogen in biologically significant compounds in alkyl group

88
Q

Muscle Poisons

A

direct influence on muscle tissue

89
Q

Physical Toxicants

A

blocks metabolic process by physical means.

90
Q

Toxicity to humans

A

Insecticides also cause acute poisoning in humans
* Illness or death from a single exposure
* Chronic poisoning occurs with long-term exposure
* Many laws to regulate insecticide use

91
Q

Biopesticides

A

made from natural materials (plants, animals, microorganisms, certain minerals)

92
Q

Bio-pesticides vs insecticide characteristics

A
  1. Unique mode of action (MOA)
  2. Narrow pest range
  3. Low use volume
  4. Natural occurrence
93
Q

Are insecticides or bio-pesticides less harmful and persistent for the environment

A

bio-pesticide is less harmful and persistent in the environment than synthetic insecticides

94
Q

What does specificity of bio-pesticides do

A

targets one specific group of pests

95
Q

Do Insect Growth Regulators use specificity?

96
Q

Do insect growth regulators effect natural enemies

97
Q

What does the Environmental Protection Agency do

A

regulates and registeres insecticides

98
Q

what are the classes bio-pesticides are registered under

A
  1. Microbial pesticides
  2. Biochemical pesticides
  3. Plant-incorporated protectants
99
Q

Microbial pesticides

A

sprayed or delivered like conventional insecticides. active ingredients are bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.

100
Q

Microbial pesticides - bacteria

A

spore forming bacteria are most commonly used as insecticides

101
Q

what is BT

A

Bacillus Thuringensis. (BT crops are crops that have been genetically modified to resist pests through bacteria.

102
Q

What is BT most commonly used for

A

moths, mosquitos, beetles

103
Q

Viruses

A

believed to have management potential

104
Q

fungi

A

naturally occuring

105
Q

protozoa

A

single celled organisms that parasitize organisms and kill insects when ingested.

106
Q

Biochemical pesticide -Insect Growth Regulators

A

disrupts the normal growth and development of immature insects. Usually the juvenile hormones

107
Q

Biochemical pesticide - Repellants

A

attracts pests to sides where they are killed or repels away from source

108
Q

Plant oils used as repellants

A

cedarwood, citronella, eucalyptus, jojoba, lavandin, linalool

109
Q

Attractants used in repellants

A

cinnamaldehyde (cinnamon), citronellol (citronella), eugenol, methy, geraniol.

110
Q

Suffocating agents

A

oil that blocks respiratory system/breaks down cuticle and suffocates soft bodied insects

111
Q

dessicants

A

disrupts the waxy outer layer of the cuticle causing water loss and resulting in death

112
Q

coatings

A

makes a nontoxic physical barrier between an insect pest and leaf surface

113
Q

pheromones

A

volatile chemical attractants involved in finding insect mates

114
Q

Plant-Incorperated Protectants (PIP)

A

Pesticidal substance that plants produce and are added to the plant and makes plants that are resistant to certain insects. (BT crops)

115
Q

gene stacks

A

produce plants resistant to multiple pest species

116
Q

resistant plants

A

reduces pesticide dependancy, decreases risk of insecticide dependancy

117
Q

phenotype

A

visual expression of genetic crosses

118
Q

Earliest resistant plant

A

wheat variety resistant to hessian fly in 1831

119
Q

what saved US wine industry

A

grapevines resistant to grape phylloxera

120
Q

What university started modern research of plant breeding for insect resistance in 1920

A

Kansas State University

121
Q

What saved apples in 1831

A

winter majetin apples resistant to wooly apple aphid

122
Q

what are host plants? why are they important for insect species

A

general habitat for plant. insect lives, survives. and reproduces on plant.

123
Q

Requirements for Insect Host plant

A
  1. General habitat
  2. Finding the host plant
  3. Accepting the plant as proper host
  4. Sufficiency of the plant for survival and successful reproduction
124
Q

why do host plants market themselves for insects (why do plants try to attract insects)

A

pollination

125
Q

in what ways do plants select for & attract insects

A
  1. Morphological characteristics
  2. Physiological characteristics
    * Includes primary (growth and reproduction)
    and secondary (nonessential to primary
    metabolism) metabolites
    * Token stimuli
  3. Host-plant selection
    * Involves primary and secondary metabolites

FLORAL STRUCTUES EVOLVE FOR POLLINATORS!!!

126
Q

Resistance-Non-prefence resistance

A

plant characteristics lead insects away from particular host

127
Q

Resistance-Allelochemical nonpreference

A

chemically attract less or leads away

128
Q

Resistance-morphological nonpreference

A

plant structural characteristics disrupt normal behavior of insect

129
Q

Resistance-Antibiosis

A

impairs insect meabolic processes often by consuming plant metabolies

130
Q

Resistance-tolerance

A

plats can still produce a good yield in spite of pest injury levels

131
Q

Resistance-Ecological resistance

A

not considered true resistance because it relies on environmental conditions instead of genetics

132
Q

Forms of ecological resistance

A

Host evasion, Induced Resistance, Host escape

133
Q

Ecological Resistance-Host Evasion

A

plant passes through suseptible stage quickly/ at a time where injurious insects are reduced

134
Q

Ecological Resistance- Induced Resistance

A

temporary resistance derived from plant condition or environment. (fertilization, changes in soil moisture compounds produced when plant becomes diseased or attacked by insects)

135
Q

Ecological Resistance- Host Escape

A

Presence of an uninfected plant doesn’t mean its resistance. escape can occur

136
Q

Epidemiological Resistance-Virulent Genes

A

allows pests to overcome resistance and attack plant again

137
Q

Epidemiological Resistance-Biotypes

A

different populations of insect species that vary in virulence to cultivar - like aphids

138
Q

Resistance- Vertical resistance

A

plant cultvar reistant to one or a few pest genotypes

139
Q

resistance- horizonal resistance

A

cultivars that express resisistance against broad range of genotypes

140
Q

Mode of inheritance- Oligogenic resistance

A

major gene resistance conferred by one or a few genes

141
Q

Mode of inheritance- polygenic resistance

A

conferred by many genes, each contributing to the resistance effect

142
Q

Mode of inheritance-Cytoplasmic resistance

A

Conferred by mutable (capable of mutation) substances in cytoplasm

143
Q

Factors mediating expression: physical and biological

A

physical: temperature, light intensity, soil fertility
biological: biotipes & plant age

144
Q

Traditional form of breeding plants

A

identify preferred trait, fertilize plants, observe plant baby grow,

145
Q

Marker-assisted breeding

A

using genetic marker to show location within plants genome that possesses insect-resistant characteristic

146
Q

Recombinant DNA (rDNA)

A

process of inserting new DNA along DNA strand with cutting and splicing

147
Q

Restriction enzyme

A

chemicals used to cut DNA into reproducible pieces at specific locations

148
Q

Transgenic Crops

A

resistant plants typically have the BT gene

149
Q

Engineered Resistance management strategies

A
  1. Mixes of resistant and susceptible plants in the plant stand, elaving a
    refuge for some individuals
  2. Sublethal doses that make insects more culnerable to other
    environmental factors
  3. Expression of the resistance favor only in the plant part needing
    protection (usually reproductive structures)
150
Q

What is Insect Resistance Management

A

trying to use strategies to be proactive about trying to prevent insect resistance

151
Q

What is a Refuge Strip in Insect Resistance Management

A

strip, block, or mix of crop that doesn’t contain BT. helps maintain population of insects that aren’t exposed to BT proteins

152
Q

Risks and benefits of transgenic crops (BT)

A

Benefits:
* Insect resistant plants
* Effective
* Reduces amount of chemical pesticides needed
* Risks:
* Potential environmental risks
1. Unintended cross-pollination, weediness of transgenic crops
2. Loss of biological diversity
3. Pest resistance to transgenic crops
4. Increased herbicide use with herbicide-tolerant crops
5. Adverse impacts on non-target species

153
Q

What do insecticide generations effect

A

1st generation: stomach poisons
* 2nd generation: contact poisons
* 3rd generation: insect growth regulators
(IGRs)

154
Q

Insect growth regulators

A

chemicals that alter normal growth and development of insects by disrupting endocrine system (Juvenile hormones)

155
Q

What part of insect lifecycle is most vulnerable to IGR

A

Larvae & Pupae and molting

156
Q

Hormone mimic

A

plant compounds that produce results in insects similar to increasing the concentration of Juvenile hormone

157
Q

Categories of IGR

A

Chitin synthesis, Juvenile hormone, Molting horone

158
Q

what does chitin systhesis do

A

eggs hatching

159
Q

What does juvenile hormone do

A

effects juvenile insects growing

160
Q

what do molting hormones do

A

effects molting

161
Q

Types of pheremones

A

Sex, alarm, trail-making, aggregation, epideictic

162
Q

Sex pheromones

A

most common and most research

163
Q

Alarm pheromones

A

social insects like bees and ants

164
Q

trail making pheromones

A

foraging ants and termites

165
Q

aggregation pheromones

A

beetles, cause insects to aggregate or
congregate at food sites, reproductive habitats, hibernation sites, etc.

166
Q

Epideictic pheremones

A

spacing pheromones that cause dispersal away
from crowded food sources

167
Q

what are pheromone traps usually on

A

sticky traps

168
Q

Pros of pheromones used for sampling

A

sampling and detection, attracts insects to trap, reduces reliance on chemical insecticides

169
Q

How are pheromones used for attract and kill

A

insects attracted to source (typically by sex pheromones), killed by various means

170
Q

Mating disruption

A

causes confusion or decoy. air filled with sex pheromone and makes insects unable to locate mates

171
Q

Traditional bait

A

attract and kill. food lures.

172
Q

Deterrents

A

prevents feeding or oviposition by insects

173
Q

DEET

A

most common repellant ingredient

174
Q

What do traditional repellants target

A

mosquitos, biting flies, fleas, ticks, mites

175
Q

plant allomones used as repellants

A

natural substance derived from plant and animals. most served as repellants from the aspect of host plant resistance

176
Q

epideictic pheromones used as repellants

A

future use due to current research. used by insects to deter other insects from area

177
Q

Behavior modification

A

attractants and repellants combined with other methods like killing agents/insectidices

178
Q

autocidal control

A

insects are
used against members of their
own species to reduce population
levels. ->sterile insect technique

179
Q

goals of genetic control

A
  1. Produce sterility of
    progeny
  2. Reduce fecundity
  3. Reduce survival in
    otherwise favorable
    environments
180
Q

Sterile insect technique are used in what bugs

A

originally screw worms

181
Q

Sterile insect technique theory

A

Lower population numbers by preventing viable offspring
Reproduction penalty placed on the population would be so great that it
could not be overcome
Population numbers drop

182
Q

sterile insect tehnique vs other tactics

A

more effective
insecticides need more applications
SIT as a reduction effect in next generation

183
Q

Chemosterilants

A

chemicals that are capable of sterilizing insects. both males and females have similar effect to insecticides

184
Q

Radiation in Sterilizing insect technique

A

X-rays used to cause steralization. pupae close to adult emergence makes sterile adults

185
Q

Groups pf chemosteralization

A
  1. Alkylating agents
  2. Phosphorous amides
  3. Triazines
  4. Antimetabolites
186
Q

Total population management

A

area-wide programs that attempts to
use all available means to eradicate a pest

187
Q

area wide management

A

Area wide management attempts to account for migration and other
insect movement

188
Q

Screwworm

A

eats livestock still alive and causes a lot of money loss. used Sterile insect technique

189
Q

How did they get rid of screwworm

A

sterile insect technique released in 1958 in South East USA. Complete eradication in Florida

190
Q

Pests Sterile Insect Technique is being used for

A

tropical fruit flies. Screwworm

191
Q

Sterile insect Technique requirements and limitations

A

Economical mass rearing of insects
* Need to release millions of insects
* Releases are usually weekly over a several month period
* Only successful when the insects that are being released aren’t also
causing damage

Pest Managemenet (13 decks)

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