Review Chapters 10-15 Flashcards
1
Q
ecological pest issues
A
Significant alteration of habitats
Modifications to soil, water, and topography
Displacement of natural flora and fauna
Native species replaced with non-native species used for food and fiber
2
Q
cultural control
A
purposeful manipulation of the environment to reduce
rates of pest damage
3
Q
ecological management
A
understanding pest ecology as it relates to the deired commodity -> food, space, shelter. the goal of which is to find weak links in the insect seasonal cycle and exploit them
4
Q
Ecological management-food
A
food is usually the easiest to take advantage of
insects have varied food requirements
some food changes seasonally
food sources usually provide nutrition and shelter
5
Q
Categories of Ecological Management
A
- Reducing the average favorability of the ecosystem
- Disrupting the continuity of requisite food sources
- Diverting pest populations from the commodity
- Reducing the impact of insect injury
* One or more approaches can be used at a time
6
Q
sanitation
A
remove debris from habitat reduces survival and reproductive rates
7
Q
crop residue destruction and utilization
A
Destroy/remove crop residues to reduce infestations
Burning
Tilling
Mowing
Livestock grazing
Downside is bad soil health
8
Q
sanitation in logging
A
burning and pruning
9
Q
sanitation in homes
A
removal of leaf litter and brush piles in backyards, removal of containers that hold standing water, elimination of animal waste, efficient storage
10
Q
habitat modification
A
Certain insects may feed on alternate host plants
* Typical for when crop plants aren’t in season
* Alternate habitats and food sources can be destroyed or limited
* Reduce habitat and food = reduce pest
* Destroy volunteer plants
* Suppression of grasshoppers
11
Q
obscuring host presence
A
pest cant find host plant ex: plastic soil mulch, metalized plastic sheets to reflect UV rays, hiding crops
12
Q
tillage
A
Seedbed preparation
* Weed control
* Destroy alternate pest habitats
* Change soil environment
* Soil texture, moisture,
temperature, etc.
* Understanding soil types
* Life stages occur in the soil
* Informs timing and depth of tillage
13
Q
irrigation
A
management of water
14
Q
chemigation
A
uses irrigation system to dispense insecticides and other pesticides over area not ecologically friendly
15
Q
Continuity disruption
A
reduces continuity in space, change crop layout over seasons or plant life
16
Q
crop spacing
A
space crops for maximum production. close enough for as much production as possible but far enough for space to grow. plants that are too close togeather aid in insect movement
17
Q
crop rotation`
A
most important method for discontinuity. rotates locations for specific annuals each year. improves soil structure. works best when pet has narrow host range, eggs are laid before new crops are planted, and the feeding stage is not very mobile
18
Q
crop fallowing
A
Typically used in dry regions
* Keep area weed free the previous season, stores precipitation
* Moisture stays in the ground, higher productivity for next crop
* Precipitation from 2 growing seasons allows biennial crops to thrive
19
Q
methods of diverting populations
A
Trap cropping
* Strip harvesting
* Intercropping
* Push-pull polycropping
20
Q
trap cropping
A
Plant small areas of a crop or other species new the protected crop. Favorability of alternate environment (trap) lures the pest to move into the trap area and stay away from the protected plant
21
Q
Strip harvesting
A
Similar to trap cropping, but trap is created in a main crop
* Harvest different areas at different times
* Insects in the crop are not forced to search for replacements in adjacent
crops
* Protects crops near by
22
Q
Intercropping
A
Grow dissimilar crops in the
same location
23
Q
Push-pull cropping
A
Goal: pest reduction on the protected host or resource
* Pests are repelled away (push) from resource using stimuli that mask
host appearance or have a repellant
* Pests are simultaneously attracted (pull) using highly apparent and
attractive stimuli
* Trap crops
24
Q
impact of insect injury
A
Options for reducing the amount of damage done to the plant
modify host tolerance
modify harvest schedules
25
Most commonly used chemical for quality of human life
conventional insecticide
26
retail sale of pesticides are $_ billion
$14 Billion
27
Percentage of retail sale for conventional insecticides
66% agriculture
24% home and garden
10% industry and government
28
Percent of US household gardens use pesticides
85%
29
insecticide
insect killer
30
herbicide
weed killers
31
acaricide
mite and tick killers
32
fungicide
fungus killer
33
nematicide
nematode killer
34
what are economic poisons used for
controlling, preventing, destroying, repelling, mitigating pests
35
How are insecticide names formatted
common name, trade name(brand), chemical name
36
What do chemical formulas represent
composition of chemical compounds, components of single molecules, characterization of insecticides, molecular and structural formulas
37
Mode of action
the way in which the insecticide causes damage to the insect
38
stomach acids
fatal when eaten
39
contact poisons
fatal when come into contact with - walked on/touched
40
fumigants
becomes a gas above 5 degrees celcius
41
inorganic
no carbon
42
organic
has carbon atoms. most insecticides are organic, but divided into natural and synthetic
43
What are Natural insecticide separated into
plant based & mineral oils
44
what are synthetic insecticides separated into
inorganic and organic
45
How are natural insecticides made
refining natural substances
46
how are botanical insecticides made
plants
47
how are mineral oils made
refining petroleum
48
what are botanical insecticides used for
wide usage
49
what are mineral oils used for
fruit tree insects and mosquito larvae
50
4 major groups of active ingredients
organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, neonicotinoids
51
Most precise method of grouping insecticides
active ingredients
52
how do active ingredients get grouped
chemical makeup
53
What are pyrethoids
fast developing group of modern insecticides replacing older ones
very effective
safer for humans
highly toxic to insects in small dosages
54
what are third generation pyrethoids used in
cotton, corn, soybeans
55
what are third generation pyrethoids useful against
above ground insect pests
56
what are more potent, third generation pyrethoids or fourth
fourth
57
application of fourth generation pyrethoids against third generation
1/10th of 3rd generation
58
Carbamates
useful against broad spectrum of insects
wide application in agriculture
environemntally persistant
toxic to pollinators and parasitoids
highly toxic to humans
59
Organophosphates
nazi made
derived from phosphoric acid
very toxic to insects
unstable in light and breaks down into non toxic substances
60
most widley used group of insecticides used today
organophosphates
61
Organophosphate - Aliphatic Derivatives
Includes straight carbon chains
62
Tepp (Aliphatic Derivative)
oldest and most toxic. used for fly control.
63
Malathion (aliphatic Derivative)
effective against many insects
agricultural and home use.
used against lice, fleas, mites
64
Organophosphate - Phenyl Derivatives
greater stability. residues last somewhat longer in environment
65
Organophosphate - Heterocyclic derivatives
difficult to measure residue. limited for use on food for human consumption
66
Neonicotinoids
nicotine. used on aphids, leafhoppers, whiteflies, termites. low toxicity to mammals
67
Phenylpyrazoles
made only of fipronil which acts as a potent blocker of
the GABA-regulated chloride channel
68
pyrroles
contact and stomach modes of action, only chlorfenapyr
69
pyrazoles
contact and stomach modes of action, tebufenpyrad and
fenpyroximate
70
pyridazinones
rapid knockdown and long residual properties, only
pyridaben
71
Pyradine Azomethines
only pymetrozine, precise MoA unknown
72
Oxadiazines
only indoxacarb, sodium channel blocker
73
Insect Growth Regulators
generation 3 insecticide. disrupts growth process.
74
Repellants
chemical that causes insect to move away from source
75
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
First widely used synthetic organic insecticides. not used in US because of safety concerns. (DDT.)
76
DDT & relatives of DDT
Banned. residue in human bodies.
77
HCH & Lindane
kills more insects than DDT. strong odor and flavor that lingers on food products
78
Cyclodines
not used in us. More toxic than DDT and more dangerous to apply
79
Botanicals
derived from plant products. used longer than other types of insecticides
80
synergists
increase toxicity of the insecticide directly
81
adjuvants
auxiliaries, serve to carry the insecticide or are added to improve adhesion, mixing, surface tension, or smell
82
Insecticide formulations
mixture of active and inert ingredients. Some are ready to use directly, others need to be diluted in water or oil
83
Insecticide toxicity
refers to toxicity of substance inherent poisonus potency under given set of laboratory conditions.
84
Mode of action
involves all the anatomical, physical, and biochemical
responses to a chemical, as well as its fate in the organism
85
Nerve Poisons
affects nervous system.
86
Metabolic Poisons
disrupts wide range of metabolic processes usually in mitochondria
87
Alkylating Poisions
replace active hydrogen in biologically significant compounds in alkyl group
88
Muscle Poisons
direct influence on muscle tissue
89
Physical Toxicants
blocks metabolic process by physical means.
90
Toxicity to humans
Insecticides also cause acute poisoning in humans
* Illness or death from a single exposure
* Chronic poisoning occurs with long-term exposure
* Many laws to regulate insecticide use
91
Biopesticides
made from natural materials (plants, animals, microorganisms, certain minerals)
92
Bio-pesticides vs insecticide characteristics
1. Unique mode of action (MOA)
2. Narrow pest range
3. Low use volume
4. Natural occurrence
93
Are insecticides or bio-pesticides less harmful and persistent for the environment
bio-pesticide is less harmful and persistent in the environment than synthetic insecticides
94
What does specificity of bio-pesticides do
targets one specific group of pests
95
Do Insect Growth Regulators use specificity?
yes.
96
Do insect growth regulators effect natural enemies
no
97
What does the Environmental Protection Agency do
regulates and registeres insecticides
98
what are the classes bio-pesticides are registered under
1. Microbial pesticides
2. Biochemical pesticides
3. Plant-incorporated protectants
99
Microbial pesticides
sprayed or delivered like conventional insecticides. active ingredients are bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.
100
Microbial pesticides - bacteria
spore forming bacteria are most commonly used as insecticides
101
what is BT
Bacillus Thuringensis. (BT crops are crops that have been genetically modified to resist pests through bacteria.
102
What is BT most commonly used for
moths, mosquitos, beetles
103
Viruses
believed to have management potential
104
fungi
naturally occuring
105
protozoa
single celled organisms that parasitize organisms and kill insects when ingested.
106
Biochemical pesticide -Insect Growth Regulators
disrupts the normal growth and development of immature insects. Usually the juvenile hormones
107
Biochemical pesticide - Repellants
attracts pests to sides where they are killed or repels away from source
108
Plant oils used as repellants
cedarwood, citronella, eucalyptus, jojoba, lavandin, linalool
109
Attractants used in repellants
cinnamaldehyde (cinnamon), citronellol (citronella), eugenol, methy, geraniol.
110
Suffocating agents
oil that blocks respiratory system/breaks down cuticle and suffocates soft bodied insects
111
dessicants
disrupts the waxy outer layer of the cuticle causing water loss and resulting in death
112
coatings
makes a nontoxic physical barrier between an insect pest and leaf surface
113
pheromones
volatile chemical attractants involved in finding insect mates
114
Plant-Incorperated Protectants (PIP)
Pesticidal substance that plants produce and are added to the plant and makes plants that are resistant to certain insects. (BT crops)
115
gene stacks
produce plants resistant to multiple pest species
116
resistant plants
reduces pesticide dependancy, decreases risk of insecticide dependancy
117
phenotype
visual expression of genetic crosses
118
Earliest resistant plant
wheat variety resistant to hessian fly in 1831
119
what saved US wine industry
grapevines resistant to grape phylloxera
120
What university started modern research of plant breeding for insect resistance in 1920
Kansas State University
121
What saved apples in 1831
winter majetin apples resistant to wooly apple aphid
122
what are host plants? why are they important for insect species
general habitat for plant. insect lives, survives. and reproduces on plant.
123
Requirements for Insect Host plant
1. General habitat
2. Finding the host plant
3. Accepting the plant as proper host
4. Sufficiency of the plant for survival and successful reproduction
124
why do host plants market themselves for insects (why do plants try to attract insects)
pollination
125
in what ways do plants select for & attract insects
1. Morphological characteristics
2. Physiological characteristics
* Includes primary (growth and reproduction)
and secondary (nonessential to primary
metabolism) metabolites
* Token stimuli
3. Host-plant selection
* Involves primary and secondary metabolites
FLORAL STRUCTUES EVOLVE FOR POLLINATORS!!!
126
Resistance-Non-prefence resistance
plant characteristics lead insects away from particular host
127
Resistance-Allelochemical nonpreference
chemically attract less or leads away
128
Resistance-morphological nonpreference
plant structural characteristics disrupt normal behavior of insect
129
Resistance-Antibiosis
impairs insect meabolic processes often by consuming plant metabolies
130
Resistance-tolerance
plats can still produce a good yield in spite of pest injury levels
131
Resistance-Ecological resistance
not considered true resistance because it relies on environmental conditions instead of genetics
132
Forms of ecological resistance
Host evasion, Induced Resistance, Host escape
133
Ecological Resistance-Host Evasion
plant passes through suseptible stage quickly/ at a time where injurious insects are reduced
134
Ecological Resistance- Induced Resistance
temporary resistance derived from plant condition or environment. (fertilization, changes in soil moisture compounds produced when plant becomes diseased or attacked by insects)
135
Ecological Resistance- Host Escape
Presence of an uninfected plant doesn't mean its resistance. escape can occur
136
Epidemiological Resistance-Virulent Genes
allows pests to overcome resistance and attack plant again
137
Epidemiological Resistance-Biotypes
different populations of insect species that vary in virulence to cultivar - like aphids
138
Resistance- Vertical resistance
plant cultvar reistant to one or a few pest genotypes
139
resistance- horizonal resistance
cultivars that express resisistance against broad range of genotypes
140
Mode of inheritance- Oligogenic resistance
major gene resistance conferred by one or a few genes
141
Mode of inheritance- polygenic resistance
conferred by many genes, each contributing to the resistance effect
142
Mode of inheritance-Cytoplasmic resistance
Conferred by mutable (capable of mutation) substances in cytoplasm
143
Factors mediating expression: physical and biological
physical: temperature, light intensity, soil fertility
biological: biotipes & plant age
144
Traditional form of breeding plants
identify preferred trait, fertilize plants, observe plant baby grow,
145
Marker-assisted breeding
using genetic marker to show location within plants genome that possesses insect-resistant characteristic
146
Recombinant DNA (rDNA)
process of inserting new DNA along DNA strand with cutting and splicing
147
Restriction enzyme
chemicals used to cut DNA into reproducible pieces at specific locations
148
Transgenic Crops
resistant plants typically have the BT gene
149
Engineered Resistance management strategies
1. Mixes of resistant and susceptible plants in the plant stand, elaving a
refuge for some individuals
2. Sublethal doses that make insects more culnerable to other
environmental factors
3. Expression of the resistance favor only in the plant part needing
protection (usually reproductive structures)
150
What is Insect Resistance Management
trying to use strategies to be proactive about trying to prevent insect resistance
151
What is a Refuge Strip in Insect Resistance Management
strip, block, or mix of crop that doesn't contain BT. helps maintain population of insects that aren't exposed to BT proteins
152
Risks and benefits of transgenic crops (BT)
Benefits:
* Insect resistant plants
* Effective
* Reduces amount of chemical pesticides needed
* Risks:
* Potential environmental risks
1. Unintended cross-pollination, weediness of transgenic crops
2. Loss of biological diversity
3. Pest resistance to transgenic crops
4. Increased herbicide use with herbicide-tolerant crops
5. Adverse impacts on non-target species
153
What do insecticide generations effect
1st generation: stomach poisons
* 2nd generation: contact poisons
* 3rd generation: insect growth regulators
(IGRs)
154
Insect growth regulators
chemicals that alter normal growth and development of insects by disrupting endocrine system (Juvenile hormones)
155
What part of insect lifecycle is most vulnerable to IGR
Larvae & Pupae and molting
156
Hormone mimic
plant compounds that produce results in insects similar to increasing the concentration of Juvenile hormone
157
Categories of IGR
Chitin synthesis, Juvenile hormone, Molting horone
158
what does chitin systhesis do
eggs hatching
159
What does juvenile hormone do
effects juvenile insects growing
160
what do molting hormones do
effects molting
161
Types of pheremones
Sex, alarm, trail-making, aggregation, epideictic
162
Sex pheromones
most common and most research
163
Alarm pheromones
social insects like bees and ants
164
trail making pheromones
foraging ants and termites
165
aggregation pheromones
beetles, cause insects to aggregate or
congregate at food sites, reproductive habitats, hibernation sites, etc.
166
Epideictic pheremones
spacing pheromones that cause dispersal away
from crowded food sources
167
what are pheromone traps usually on
sticky traps
168
Pros of pheromones used for sampling
sampling and detection, attracts insects to trap, reduces reliance on chemical insecticides
169
How are pheromones used for attract and kill
insects attracted to source (typically by sex pheromones), killed by various means
170
Mating disruption
causes confusion or decoy. air filled with sex pheromone and makes insects unable to locate mates
171
Traditional bait
attract and kill. food lures.
172
Deterrents
prevents feeding or oviposition by insects
173
DEET
most common repellant ingredient
174
What do traditional repellants target
mosquitos, biting flies, fleas, ticks, mites
175
plant allomones used as repellants
natural substance derived from plant and animals. most served as repellants from the aspect of host plant resistance
176
epideictic pheromones used as repellants
future use due to current research. used by insects to deter other insects from area
177
Behavior modification
attractants and repellants combined with other methods like killing agents/insectidices
178
autocidal control
insects are
used against members of their
own species to reduce population
levels. ->sterile insect technique
179
goals of genetic control
1. Produce sterility of
progeny
2. Reduce fecundity
3. Reduce survival in
otherwise favorable
environments
180
Sterile insect technique are used in what bugs
originally screw worms
181
Sterile insect technique theory
Lower population numbers by preventing viable offspring
Reproduction penalty placed on the population would be so great that it
could not be overcome
Population numbers drop
182
sterile insect tehnique vs other tactics
more effective
insecticides need more applications
SIT as a reduction effect in next generation
183
Chemosterilants
chemicals that are capable of sterilizing insects. both males and females have similar effect to insecticides
184
Radiation in Sterilizing insect technique
X-rays used to cause steralization. pupae close to adult emergence makes sterile adults
185
Groups pf chemosteralization
1. Alkylating agents
2. Phosphorous amides
3. Triazines
4. Antimetabolites
186
Total population management
area-wide programs that attempts to
use all available means to eradicate a pest
187
area wide management
Area wide management attempts to account for migration and other
insect movement
188
Screwworm
eats livestock still alive and causes a lot of money loss. used Sterile insect technique
189
How did they get rid of screwworm
sterile insect technique released in 1958 in South East USA. Complete eradication in Florida
190
Pests Sterile Insect Technique is being used for
tropical fruit flies. Screwworm
191
Sterile insect Technique requirements and limitations
Economical mass rearing of insects
* Need to release millions of insects
* Releases are usually weekly over a several month period
* Only successful when the insects that are being released aren’t also
causing damage
