Chapter 1-9 Review Flashcards
1
Q
coleoptera meaning
A
sheath wing
2
Q
insects in coleoptera
A
beetles
3
Q
elytra
A
modified front wings
4
Q
diptera meaning
A
two wing
5
Q
insects in diptera
A
flies, mosquitoes, gnats, midges,
6
Q
Hymenoptera meaning
A
membrane wing
7
Q
Insects in Hymenoptera
A
Sawflies, ants, wasps, bees
8
Q
Lepidoptera meaning
A
scale wing
9
Q
Lepidoptera insects
A
butterflies, moths
10
Q
orthoptera meaning
A
Straight wing
11
Q
orthoptera insects
A
grasshoppers, crickets, katydids
12
Q
odonata meaning
A
odon=tooth
13
Q
insects in odonata
A
dragonflies, damselflies
14
Q
hemiptera meaning
A
half wing
15
Q
insects in hemiptera
A
cicadas, leafhoppers, aphids, scales
16
Q
what class is true bugs
A
hemiptera
17
Q
thysanoptera meanihg
A
tassel wing
18
Q
insects in thysanoptera
A
thrips
19
Q
blattodea menaing
A
blatta=cockroach
20
Q
insects in blattodea
A
cockroach, termites
21
Q
tagmosis
A
grouping of segments into functional regions
22
Q
3 segments of body
A
head, thorax, abdomen
23
Q
exoskeleton
A
ridgid foundatiojn for body, foundation for muscles, acts like skeleton
24
Q
sclerotized
A
hardened part of body wall
25
parts of head
cranium, antannae, eyes
26
structure of mouth
mandibles, labrum, maxillae, labium
27
mandibles
jaws
28
labrum
upper lip
29
maxillae
second jaws
30
labium
lower lip
31
types of mouthparts
chewing, piercing-sucking, rasping-sucking, siphoning, cutting-sponging, chewing-lapping, filter feeding
32
parts of antannae
scape, pedicel, flagellum
33
scape
part of base of antannae
34
pedicel
part of base of antannae (first part after scape)
35
flagellum
antennal tip
36
what do antennae do
they contain sensory structures that detect odors vibrations and other environmental stimuli
37
antennae types
filiform, serrate, moniliform, clavate, capitate, lamellate, plumose, pectinate
38
most common type of insect eyes
compound eyes
39
compound eyes
many hexagonal emelents with ommatidia
40
ommatidia
individual sensory structures (also found within compound eyes)
41
ocelli
simple eyes
42
thorax segments
prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax
43
what thoracic segment has a pair of jointed legs
each segment (all three) has a pair of jointed legs
44
which thoracic segment has a pair of wings
mesothorax, metathorax
45
Parts of legs
coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus
46
how many segments do insect legs have
5
47
modifications of insect legs (types of insect legs)
raptorial leg, pollen carrying leg, sartorial leg, fossorial leg, natatorial leg
48
Animals with wings
birds, bats, insects
49
how many segmetns are on the abdomen
6-10
50
what are segments of the abdomen called
tergum
51
what is at the end of the abdomen
paraproct
52
what is a cerci
pair of sensory organs at the end of the abdomen
53
ovipositor
part of abdomen. how insects deposit eggs
54
phytophagous
feeds on plants
55
zoophageous
feeds on other animals
56
saprophageous
feed on nonliving organic matter
57
alimentary canal
insect gut
58
parts of digestive system
foregut, midgut, hindgut
59
what do insects need (nutrition)
carbohydrates, amino acids, vitamins, cholesterol, water, minerals
60
what are carbohydrates used for
energy usually in the form of glucose or sucrose
61
what are amino acids used for
necessary for protien synthesis and tissue development
62
what are vitamins used for
A,B,C,D,E all used in metabolic functions but not required in all insects
63
what is cholesterol used for
insects cant make sterols, therefore they must supplement their diet
64
Malpighian tubes
hemolymph flows over tubules and substances diffuse or are transported into the tubules - discharges urine to the hindgut
65
rectum
takes waste from Malpighian tubules and reabsorbs water
66
hemolymph
insect "blood"
67
hemocoel
open body cavity that hemolymph flows through
68
dorsal vesicle
main circulation organ in the insects, located at the top of the hemocoel
69
what is the dorsal vesicle made up of
heart and aorta
70
how does hemolymph work
1. taken by heart and circulates forward
2. carried to brain and heart first
3. then flows toward rear towards the heart
4. recycled in heart
71
how does respiration happen
diffusion across membranes into cells
72
tracheal system
seriese of branching tubes called trachae
73
trachae
branching tubes in respiratory system
74
spiracles
openings that connect tracheal trunks and tracheae to outside the body
75
air sacs
Enlarged tracheal trunks
76
how does musculature occur in insects
layers and bands
77
2 categories of insect muscles
viceral & skeletal
78
visceral
occur in circular, longitudal, oblique bands around digestive tract
79
skeletal
series of bands that connects body segments
80
photoreceptor
sense light and produces images (sight)
81
chemoreceptors
taste and smell
82
mechanoreceptors
touch and pressure using sensilla
83
central nervous system
coordinates body functions - forms brain located in head and central cord that runs through abdomen along the base of body cavity
84
visceral nervous system
coordinates body functions-controls activities of gut, hormones, and internal sex organs
85
what is impulse transmission done using
neurons
86
dioecious
male and female mate to produce zygote (fertalized egg)
87
zygote
fertalized egg
88
parthenogenesis
development of a unfertalized egg into new individual
89
life cycle
chain of biological events that ocur during lifetime of individual insect
90
homometablous life cycel
egg, larvae, pupa, adult
91
hemimetabolous
egg, youn numph, later nymph, adult
92
haplodiplody
combination of sexual and asexual modes
93
faculative parthenogenisis
ability to choose sex of offspring. unfertalized eggs are male drones and fertalized eggs sare female
94
stages of embryo development
bastula, gastrula, segmentation
95
oviparous
life cycle that begins in egg laying
96
ovoviviparous
hatching occurs when eggs are still inside female egg laying organs
97
viviparous
larvae are fully developed when born and begin adult development soon after birth
98
molting
shedding old skin
99
steps of molting
eat to grow, sheds skin, develops new larger skin, grows to fill up new skin
100
PPTH
brain hormone
101
ecdysone
molting hormone
102
apolysis
process in which the cuticle becomes separated from the epidermis
103
ecdysis
process of shedding the remainder of the old cuitice
104
sclerotization
process of the new cuiticle hardening and becoming pigminted
105
bursicon
Nervous system hormone
106
what limits insect size
temperature (high temperature = faster rate of growth), tracheae instead of lungs (oxygen moved by diffusion, greater size= less oxygen transported)
107
Metamorphosis
developmental process from eclosion to adulthood
108
histolysis
breakdown of body tissues
109
histogenesis
formulation of new body tissues
110
JH
juvenile hormone, increases and decreases during molting
111
generation
cohort of offspring from parent population moving through life cycle togeather
112
brood
when parent population produces several cohorts at different times or different places
113
stage
insects developmental status
114
stadium
time period between molts
115
instar
actual insect between molts
116
ametabolous metamorphosis
no metamorphosis
117
paurometabolous metamorphosis
gradual metamorphosis
118
hemimetabolies metamorphosis
immatures may or may not resemble adults
119
holometabolous metamorphosis
complete metamorphosis, development with 4 different stages
120
stages of holometabolous metamorphosis
egg-larvae-pupa-adult
121
stages of hemimetabolous metamorphosis
egg-naiads-adults
122
univoltine
single generation each year
122
stages of paurometabolous metamorphosis
egg-nymph-adult
123
stages of ametabolous metamorphosis
egg-juvenile-adult
124
moltivoltine
multiple generations each year
125
population density
number of individuals in a given unit
125
phenology
timing of biological events in insects
126
dispersion
spatial arrangement of the number of individuals
127
mortality
death rate
128
natality
birth rate usually measured by the total number of eggs or eggs per female laid in a given time period
129
community
interacting web of populations in a area
130
ecosystem
Physical enviroments that contain communities
131
plant based agroeecosystems ____
lack temporal community, dominated by human selected plants, very little species diversity, uniform vegitative structure, same nutrients, easy to have insect, weed, or disease outbreaks
132
fecundity
rate that females produce ova
133
fertility
rate that they produce new individuals
134
causes of mortality
1.aging
2.low vitality
3.accidents
4.physiochemical condition
5.natural enemies
6.food shortage
7. lack of shelter
135
immigration
going into a area
136
emigration
movement out of area
137
Trivial movement
displacement of insects within or close to breeding habitat
138
migration
typically movement by flight usually within boundary layer
139
boundary layer
Layer of air where wind speed and insect flight speed are equal
140
degree day method
uses temperature and time to describe development
141
developmental minimum
Miminum temperature in which development can start
142
thermal constant
number of degree days to complete a stage
143
types of survey
quantitative & qualitative
144
quantitative
numerical data
145
qualitative
non-numerical data
146
sampling unit
Proportiojn of the habitable space which isnect counts are taken
147
sampling techniques
in situ counts, knockdown, netting, dragging/flagging, trapping, remote sensing,
148
absolute estimates
measure the actual numbers in the insect population
149
population intensity estimate
number of insects per habitat unit
150
mean
average number of sampling numbers
151
range
difference between smallest and largest sample numbe
152
standard deviation
averages the changes of sample counts from mean value
152
dispersion
pattern or arrangement of insects in space or how they are spread out
153
what did intergrated control repalce
only spraying insecticides
154
dimensions of pest management programs
1. insect stage
2. number of sampling units
3. time to sample
4. sampling pattern
155
injury
effect of pest activities on host physiology that is usually deleterious
155
Damage
measurable loss of utility, often including yeild quantity, quality, or aesthetics
155
damage boundary
lowest level of injury where damage can be measured
156
EIL
Economic injury level
156
Economic injury level
EIL. Lowest number of insect that will cause economic damage
157
ET
economic threshold
158
Economic Threshold
number of insects that should trigger management action to prevent reaching the EIL
159
descriptive economic threshold
takes into account possible changes in the pest population growth rate
159
Fixed economic threshold
percentage of EIL is fixed. ET changes with EIL
160
management costs
cost of surpressing pest population must be estimated before profitability of a action can be asessed
161
Degree of injury per insect
determined by insect and host plants
162
Plant pest categories
stand reducers, leaf mass consumers, assimilate sappers, turgor reducers, fruit feeders, architecture modifiers
162
Amount of damge avoided
expected proportion of the population killed by a management technique
163
Crop susceptibility to injury
relationship between injury and crop yield
164
nominal threshold
decision rules that are declared on the basis of a managers experience
165
Simple threshold
based on calculated EIL
166
Comprehensive threshold
Decision levels still under development
167
DDT
insecticide that was used to kill mosquitoes
168
Silent Spring
book against DDT. caused public outcry for environmentally safe approaches
169
Rachel Carson
wrote silent spring and took down DDT
170
intergrated control
emphasizes selective use of insecticides so that natural eneimes were conserved in the agroecosystem
171
pest management stragey
overall plan to eliminate or alleviate a real or percioeved pest problem
171
pest management strategies
do nothing, reduce pset populations numbers, reduce crop susceptibility to pest injury, combine reduced population numbers with reduced crop susceptibility
172
reduce number strategy
reduce insect numbers to prevent pests
173
do nothing strategy
sometimes the crop will be able to tolerate better than additional management
174
Combined strategy
combines all pest management strategies
174
carrying capacity
maximum number of isnects a given envirment wil support for a sustained period
175
reduce crop susceptibilty
generally most effective and environmentally desirable. insect population is not modified at all.
176
In situ counts
direct observation of insects on or in a area at a given time
177
knockdownq
inescts are removed from the habitat by dislodging, chemicals, or heating then counting
178
netting
using a net to collect insects
179
dragging/flagging
Large sheet used to collect insects residing close to the ground
180
trapping
all trapping techniques require the insect ton move and the trap must hold the captured insect
181
remote sensing
any monitoring method at documents organism presence without coming into direct contact with organism
182
Subeconomic pests
damage usually below the EIL
183
occasional pest
common type of pest, damage usually below EIL
184
perrenial and severe pests
pests that cause the most serious damage
185
how to develop pest management programs
combine well designed programs, know your pest and production system, kind of damage the pest is doing
186
host (prey)
propulation being reduced
187
goal in understanding natural enemies
using them to our advantage
188
forms of biocontrol
host plant resistance, sterile insect releases, genetic manipulation, use of natural enemies
189
oldest and most effective form of insect control
biocontrol
190
What is classical biocontrol
populations regulated by many environmental conditions (introduce natural enemies/manipulate existing natural enemies)
191
parisite
animal that lives on/within its host (weakens or kills host)
192
parasitoid
insect that parasite other insects
193
most common biocontrol
Parisitoids
194
parasitoid familites
Hymenoptera & diptera
195
parasitoid life cycle
lays egg inside or attaches eggs to host body
larvae develop within host body
mature larvae emerge from body of now dead host
larvae pupate and emerge as adults to mate
196
parasitoid advantages
survival usually good, only 1 host required for parasitoid to complete development
population can be sustained at low host levels
most parasitoid have/narrow host range effective against specific hosts
197
parasitoid disadvantages
host searcing capacity may be reduced by weather/other factors
only female searches for host
often best searchers lay few eggs
synchronization of life cycle
198
how are nematodes used
in gels, clays, flowable gels, water dispersible granules for high and medium value crops.
199
Nematodes
thin unsegmented roundworms. can parasite insects.
199
hyperparsitism
secondary parisite
200
can a parasitoid have its on parasite
yes
201
predator
free-living organisms that feed on other animals and prey
202
Monophagous
feed almost exclusively on a single species
203
oligophagous
feed on only a few prey species
204
polyuphagous
feed a diverse range of prey species (most common)
205
What do pathogenic microorganisms do
can kill insects, reduce reproductive capabilities, or slow development
206
goal of biocontrol
Natrual enemy will become estabilshed and permanetly reduce pests average population level
207
Augmetnation
any activity designed to increase numbers or effectivenesse of existing natural enemies. (release additoinal numbers of natural enemy into a system)
208
goal of augmentation
temporary(1sesaon or less) suppression of insect pest population
209
inudative release
dependant on propagation of massive numbers of natural enemies. release pf a generalized parasitoid over large areas in a 1 time application
210
goal of inundative release
polyphagoys natural enemies suppress multiple different insect populations over a large area
211
Proactive biocontrol
new concept. promotes proactive use of biocontrol for invasive pests. potential biocontrol for release
211
inoculative releases
once release occurs natural enemy is expected to colonize and spreasd throughout area naturally, typically made 1 time per growing season. offspring make the most significant impact
212
goal of proactive biocontrol
be prepared with a biocontrol agent for potential invasive species
213
Environmental manipulation
manipulate crop or surrounding areas using field insecrataries. increase population or make existing populations more efficient
213
goal of environmental manipulation
improve habitat and enviromental factors fro natural enemies
214
Conservation of natural enemies
most widley practived biocontrol. requires in depth knowledge of natural enemy population (speciese present, population numbers, phenology, impact on pest populations)
215
goal of conservation of natural enemies
sustain natural enemy populations
216
What are insects?
3 segments, 6 legs, exoskeleton.
217
why is it important to take life stags into account when sampling
its important to know if the insect has a long or short life cycle, and to look and see if they are sexually mature that could indicate more eggs being laid
218
when do people become interested in pest management solutions
when they have pests
219
why are there so many formulas for calculating insect damage
different situations. cant count by hand in a large area it would take forever
