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Pest Managemenet > Chapter 1-9 Review > Flashcards

Chapter 1-9 Review Flashcards

1
Q

coleoptera meaning

A

sheath wing

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2
Q

insects in coleoptera

A

beetles

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3
Q

elytra

A

modified front wings

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4
Q

diptera meaning

A

two wing

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5
Q

insects in diptera

A

flies, mosquitoes, gnats, midges,

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6
Q

Hymenoptera meaning

A

membrane wing

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7
Q

Insects in Hymenoptera

A

Sawflies, ants, wasps, bees

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8
Q

Lepidoptera meaning

A

scale wing

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9
Q

Lepidoptera insects

A

butterflies, moths

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10
Q

orthoptera meaning

A

Straight wing

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11
Q

orthoptera insects

A

grasshoppers, crickets, katydids

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12
Q

odonata meaning

A

odon=tooth

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13
Q

insects in odonata

A

dragonflies, damselflies

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14
Q

hemiptera meaning

A

half wing

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15
Q

insects in hemiptera

A

cicadas, leafhoppers, aphids, scales

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16
Q

what class is true bugs

A

hemiptera

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17
Q

thysanoptera meanihg

A

tassel wing

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18
Q

insects in thysanoptera

A

thrips

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19
Q

blattodea menaing

A

blatta=cockroach

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20
Q

insects in blattodea

A

cockroach, termites

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21
Q

tagmosis

A

grouping of segments into functional regions

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22
Q

3 segments of body

A

head, thorax, abdomen

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23
Q

exoskeleton

A

ridgid foundatiojn for body, foundation for muscles, acts like skeleton

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24
Q

sclerotized

A

hardened part of body wall

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25
Q

parts of head

A

cranium, antannae, eyes

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26
Q

structure of mouth

A

mandibles, labrum, maxillae, labium

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27
Q

mandibles

A

jaws

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28
Q

labrum

A

upper lip

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29
Q

maxillae

A

second jaws

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30
Q

labium

A

lower lip

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31
Q

types of mouthparts

A

chewing, piercing-sucking, rasping-sucking, siphoning, cutting-sponging, chewing-lapping, filter feeding

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32
Q

parts of antannae

A

scape, pedicel, flagellum

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33
Q

scape

A

part of base of antannae

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34
Q

pedicel

A

part of base of antannae (first part after scape)

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35
Q

flagellum

A

antennal tip

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36
Q

what do antennae do

A

they contain sensory structures that detect odors vibrations and other environmental stimuli

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37
Q

antennae types

A

filiform, serrate, moniliform, clavate, capitate, lamellate, plumose, pectinate

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38
Q

most common type of insect eyes

A

compound eyes

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39
Q

compound eyes

A

many hexagonal emelents with ommatidia

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40
Q

ommatidia

A

individual sensory structures (also found within compound eyes)

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41
Q

ocelli

A

simple eyes

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42
Q

thorax segments

A

prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax

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43
Q

what thoracic segment has a pair of jointed legs

A

each segment (all three) has a pair of jointed legs

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44
Q

which thoracic segment has a pair of wings

A

mesothorax, metathorax

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45
Q

Parts of legs

A

coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus

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46
Q

how many segments do insect legs have

A

5

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47
Q

modifications of insect legs (types of insect legs)

A

raptorial leg, pollen carrying leg, sartorial leg, fossorial leg, natatorial leg

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48
Q

Animals with wings

A

birds, bats, insects

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49
Q

how many segmetns are on the abdomen

A

6-10

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50
Q

what are segments of the abdomen called

A

tergum

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51
Q

what is at the end of the abdomen

A

paraproct

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52
Q

what is a cerci

A

pair of sensory organs at the end of the abdomen

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53
Q

ovipositor

A

part of abdomen. how insects deposit eggs

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54
Q

phytophagous

A

feeds on plants

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55
Q

zoophageous

A

feeds on other animals

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56
Q

saprophageous

A

feed on nonliving organic matter

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57
Q

alimentary canal

A

insect gut

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58
Q

parts of digestive system

A

foregut, midgut, hindgut

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59
Q

what do insects need (nutrition)

A

carbohydrates, amino acids, vitamins, cholesterol, water, minerals

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60
Q

what are carbohydrates used for

A

energy usually in the form of glucose or sucrose

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61
Q

what are amino acids used for

A

necessary for protien synthesis and tissue development

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62
Q

what are vitamins used for

A

A,B,C,D,E all used in metabolic functions but not required in all insects

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63
Q

what is cholesterol used for

A

insects cant make sterols, therefore they must supplement their diet

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64
Q

Malpighian tubes

A

hemolymph flows over tubules and substances diffuse or are transported into the tubules - discharges urine to the hindgut

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65
Q

rectum

A

takes waste from Malpighian tubules and reabsorbs water

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66
Q

hemolymph

A

insect “blood”

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67
Q

hemocoel

A

open body cavity that hemolymph flows through

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68
Q

dorsal vesicle

A

main circulation organ in the insects, located at the top of the hemocoel

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69
Q

what is the dorsal vesicle made up of

A

heart and aorta

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70
Q

how does hemolymph work

A
  1. taken by heart and circulates forward
  2. carried to brain and heart first
  3. then flows toward rear towards the heart
  4. recycled in heart
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71
Q

how does respiration happen

A

diffusion across membranes into cells

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72
Q

tracheal system

A

seriese of branching tubes called trachae

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73
Q

trachae

A

branching tubes in respiratory system

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74
Q

spiracles

A

openings that connect tracheal trunks and tracheae to outside the body

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75
Q

air sacs

A

Enlarged tracheal trunks

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76
Q

how does musculature occur in insects

A

layers and bands

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77
Q

2 categories of insect muscles

A

viceral & skeletal

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78
Q

visceral

A

occur in circular, longitudal, oblique bands around digestive tract

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79
Q

skeletal

A

series of bands that connects body segments

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80
Q

photoreceptor

A

sense light and produces images (sight)

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81
Q

chemoreceptors

A

taste and smell

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82
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

touch and pressure using sensilla

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83
Q

central nervous system

A

coordinates body functions - forms brain located in head and central cord that runs through abdomen along the base of body cavity

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84
Q

visceral nervous system

A

coordinates body functions-controls activities of gut, hormones, and internal sex organs

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85
Q

what is impulse transmission done using

A

neurons

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86
Q

dioecious

A

male and female mate to produce zygote (fertalized egg)

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87
Q

zygote

A

fertalized egg

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88
Q

parthenogenesis

A

development of a unfertalized egg into new individual

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89
Q

life cycle

A

chain of biological events that ocur during lifetime of individual insect

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90
Q

homometablous life cycel

A

egg, larvae, pupa, adult

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91
Q

hemimetabolous

A

egg, youn numph, later nymph, adult

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92
Q

haplodiplody

A

combination of sexual and asexual modes

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93
Q

faculative parthenogenisis

A

ability to choose sex of offspring. unfertalized eggs are male drones and fertalized eggs sare female

94
Q

stages of embryo development

A

bastula, gastrula, segmentation

95
Q

oviparous

A

life cycle that begins in egg laying

96
Q

ovoviviparous

A

hatching occurs when eggs are still inside female egg laying organs

97
Q

viviparous

A

larvae are fully developed when born and begin adult development soon after birth

98
Q

molting

A

shedding old skin

99
Q

steps of molting

A

eat to grow, sheds skin, develops new larger skin, grows to fill up new skin

100
Q

PPTH

A

brain hormone

101
Q

ecdysone

A

molting hormone

102
Q

apolysis

A

process in which the cuticle becomes separated from the epidermis

103
Q

ecdysis

A

process of shedding the remainder of the old cuitice

104
Q

sclerotization

A

process of the new cuiticle hardening and becoming pigminted

105
Q

bursicon

A

Nervous system hormone

106
Q

what limits insect size

A

temperature (high temperature = faster rate of growth), tracheae instead of lungs (oxygen moved by diffusion, greater size= less oxygen transported)

107
Q

Metamorphosis

A

developmental process from eclosion to adulthood

108
Q

histolysis

A

breakdown of body tissues

109
Q

histogenesis

A

formulation of new body tissues

110
Q

JH

A

juvenile hormone, increases and decreases during molting

111
Q

generation

A

cohort of offspring from parent population moving through life cycle togeather

112
Q

brood

A

when parent population produces several cohorts at different times or different places

113
Q

stage

A

insects developmental status

114
Q

stadium

A

time period between molts

115
Q

instar

A

actual insect between molts

116
Q

ametabolous metamorphosis

A

no metamorphosis

117
Q

paurometabolous metamorphosis

A

gradual metamorphosis

118
Q

hemimetabolies metamorphosis

A

immatures may or may not resemble adults

119
Q

holometabolous metamorphosis

A

complete metamorphosis, development with 4 different stages

120
Q

stages of holometabolous metamorphosis

A

egg-larvae-pupa-adult

121
Q

stages of hemimetabolous metamorphosis

A

egg-naiads-adults

122
Q

univoltine

A

single generation each year

122
Q

stages of paurometabolous metamorphosis

A

egg-nymph-adult

123
Q

stages of ametabolous metamorphosis

A

egg-juvenile-adult

124
Q

moltivoltine

A

multiple generations each year

125
Q

population density

A

number of individuals in a given unit

125
Q

phenology

A

timing of biological events in insects

126
Q

dispersion

A

spatial arrangement of the number of individuals

127
Q

mortality

A

death rate

128
Q

natality

A

birth rate usually measured by the total number of eggs or eggs per female laid in a given time period

129
Q

community

A

interacting web of populations in a area

130
Q

ecosystem

A

Physical enviroments that contain communities

131
Q

plant based agroeecosystems ____

A

lack temporal community, dominated by human selected plants, very little species diversity, uniform vegitative structure, same nutrients, easy to have insect, weed, or disease outbreaks

132
Q

fecundity

A

rate that females produce ova

133
Q

fertility

A

rate that they produce new individuals

134
Q

causes of mortality

A

1.aging
2.low vitality
3.accidents
4.physiochemical condition
5.natural enemies
6.food shortage
7. lack of shelter

135
Q

immigration

A

going into a area

136
Q

emigration

A

movement out of area

137
Q

Trivial movement

A

displacement of insects within or close to breeding habitat

138
Q

migration

A

typically movement by flight usually within boundary layer

139
Q

boundary layer

A

Layer of air where wind speed and insect flight speed are equal

140
Q

degree day method

A

uses temperature and time to describe development

141
Q

developmental minimum

A

Miminum temperature in which development can start

142
Q

thermal constant

A

number of degree days to complete a stage

143
Q

types of survey

A

quantitative & qualitative

144
Q

quantitative

A

numerical data

145
Q

qualitative

A

non-numerical data

146
Q

sampling unit

A

Proportiojn of the habitable space which isnect counts are taken

147
Q

sampling techniques

A

in situ counts, knockdown, netting, dragging/flagging, trapping, remote sensing,

148
Q

absolute estimates

A

measure the actual numbers in the insect population

149
Q

population intensity estimate

A

number of insects per habitat unit

150
Q

mean

A

average number of sampling numbers

151
Q

range

A

difference between smallest and largest sample numbe

152
Q

standard deviation

A

averages the changes of sample counts from mean value

152
Q

dispersion

A

pattern or arrangement of insects in space or how they are spread out

153
Q

what did intergrated control repalce

A

only spraying insecticides

154
Q

dimensions of pest management programs

A
  1. insect stage
  2. number of sampling units
  3. time to sample
  4. sampling pattern
155
Q

injury

A

effect of pest activities on host physiology that is usually deleterious

155
Q

Damage

A

measurable loss of utility, often including yeild quantity, quality, or aesthetics

155
Q

damage boundary

A

lowest level of injury where damage can be measured

156
Q

EIL

A

Economic injury level

156
Q

Economic injury level

A

EIL. Lowest number of insect that will cause economic damage

157
Q

ET

A

economic threshold

158
Q

Economic Threshold

A

number of insects that should trigger management action to prevent reaching the EIL

159
Q

descriptive economic threshold

A

takes into account possible changes in the pest population growth rate

159
Q

Fixed economic threshold

A

percentage of EIL is fixed. ET changes with EIL

160
Q

management costs

A

cost of surpressing pest population must be estimated before profitability of a action can be asessed

161
Q

Degree of injury per insect

A

determined by insect and host plants

162
Q

Plant pest categories

A

stand reducers, leaf mass consumers, assimilate sappers, turgor reducers, fruit feeders, architecture modifiers

162
Q

Amount of damge avoided

A

expected proportion of the population killed by a management technique

163
Q

Crop susceptibility to injury

A

relationship between injury and crop yield

164
Q

nominal threshold

A

decision rules that are declared on the basis of a managers experience

165
Q

Simple threshold

A

based on calculated EIL

166
Q

Comprehensive threshold

A

Decision levels still under development

167
Q

DDT

A

insecticide that was used to kill mosquitoes

168
Q

Silent Spring

A

book against DDT. caused public outcry for environmentally safe approaches

169
Q

Rachel Carson

A

wrote silent spring and took down DDT

170
Q

intergrated control

A

emphasizes selective use of insecticides so that natural eneimes were conserved in the agroecosystem

171
Q

pest management stragey

A

overall plan to eliminate or alleviate a real or percioeved pest problem

171
Q

pest management strategies

A

do nothing, reduce pset populations numbers, reduce crop susceptibility to pest injury, combine reduced population numbers with reduced crop susceptibility

172
Q

reduce number strategy

A

reduce insect numbers to prevent pests

173
Q

do nothing strategy

A

sometimes the crop will be able to tolerate better than additional management

174
Q

Combined strategy

A

combines all pest management strategies

174
Q

carrying capacity

A

maximum number of isnects a given envirment wil support for a sustained period

175
Q

reduce crop susceptibilty

A

generally most effective and environmentally desirable. insect population is not modified at all.

176
Q

In situ counts

A

direct observation of insects on or in a area at a given time

177
Q

knockdownq

A

inescts are removed from the habitat by dislodging, chemicals, or heating then counting

178
Q

netting

A

using a net to collect insects

179
Q

dragging/flagging

A

Large sheet used to collect insects residing close to the ground

180
Q

trapping

A

all trapping techniques require the insect ton move and the trap must hold the captured insect

181
Q

remote sensing

A

any monitoring method at documents organism presence without coming into direct contact with organism

182
Q

Subeconomic pests

A

damage usually below the EIL

183
Q

occasional pest

A

common type of pest, damage usually below EIL

184
Q

perrenial and severe pests

A

pests that cause the most serious damage

185
Q

how to develop pest management programs

A

combine well designed programs, know your pest and production system, kind of damage the pest is doing

186
Q

host (prey)

A

propulation being reduced

187
Q

goal in understanding natural enemies

A

using them to our advantage

188
Q

forms of biocontrol

A

host plant resistance, sterile insect releases, genetic manipulation, use of natural enemies

189
Q

oldest and most effective form of insect control

A

biocontrol

190
Q

What is classical biocontrol

A

populations regulated by many environmental conditions (introduce natural enemies/manipulate existing natural enemies)

191
Q

parisite

A

animal that lives on/within its host (weakens or kills host)

192
Q

parasitoid

A

insect that parasite other insects

193
Q

most common biocontrol

A

Parisitoids

194
Q

parasitoid familites

A

Hymenoptera & diptera

195
Q

parasitoid life cycle

A

lays egg inside or attaches eggs to host body
larvae develop within host body
mature larvae emerge from body of now dead host
larvae pupate and emerge as adults to mate

196
Q

parasitoid advantages

A

survival usually good, only 1 host required for parasitoid to complete development
population can be sustained at low host levels
most parasitoid have/narrow host range effective against specific hosts

197
Q

parasitoid disadvantages

A

host searcing capacity may be reduced by weather/other factors
only female searches for host
often best searchers lay few eggs
synchronization of life cycle

198
Q

how are nematodes used

A

in gels, clays, flowable gels, water dispersible granules for high and medium value crops.

199
Q

Nematodes

A

thin unsegmented roundworms. can parasite insects.

199
Q

hyperparsitism

A

secondary parisite

200
Q

can a parasitoid have its on parasite

A

yes

201
Q

predator

A

free-living organisms that feed on other animals and prey

202
Q

Monophagous

A

feed almost exclusively on a single species

203
Q

oligophagous

A

feed on only a few prey species

204
Q

polyuphagous

A

feed a diverse range of prey species (most common)

205
Q

What do pathogenic microorganisms do

A

can kill insects, reduce reproductive capabilities, or slow development

206
Q

goal of biocontrol

A

Natrual enemy will become estabilshed and permanetly reduce pests average population level

207
Q

Augmetnation

A

any activity designed to increase numbers or effectivenesse of existing natural enemies. (release additoinal numbers of natural enemy into a system)

208
Q

goal of augmentation

A

temporary(1sesaon or less) suppression of insect pest population

209
Q

inudative release

A

dependant on propagation of massive numbers of natural enemies. release pf a generalized parasitoid over large areas in a 1 time application

210
Q

goal of inundative release

A

polyphagoys natural enemies suppress multiple different insect populations over a large area

211
Q

Proactive biocontrol

A

new concept. promotes proactive use of biocontrol for invasive pests. potential biocontrol for release

211
Q

inoculative releases

A

once release occurs natural enemy is expected to colonize and spreasd throughout area naturally, typically made 1 time per growing season. offspring make the most significant impact

212
Q

goal of proactive biocontrol

A

be prepared with a biocontrol agent for potential invasive species

213
Q

Environmental manipulation

A

manipulate crop or surrounding areas using field insecrataries. increase population or make existing populations more efficient

213
Q

goal of environmental manipulation

A

improve habitat and enviromental factors fro natural enemies

214
Q

Conservation of natural enemies

A

most widley practived biocontrol. requires in depth knowledge of natural enemy population (speciese present, population numbers, phenology, impact on pest populations)

215
Q

goal of conservation of natural enemies

A

sustain natural enemy populations

216
Q

What are insects?

A

3 segments, 6 legs, exoskeleton.

217
Q

why is it important to take life stags into account when sampling

A

its important to know if the insect has a long or short life cycle, and to look and see if they are sexually mature that could indicate more eggs being laid

218
Q

when do people become interested in pest management solutions

A

when they have pests

219
Q

why are there so many formulas for calculating insect damage

A

different situations. cant count by hand in a large area it would take forever

Pest Managemenet (13 decks)

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