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Human Development > Review Ch 1-7 > Flashcards

Review Ch 1-7 Flashcards

1
Q

How do physical development and social readiness play into toilet training?

A

They have to be able to handle putting on their clothes with little help and control their bodies/functions; this will be a process/need patience

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2
Q

The biological system looks at? psychological system? sociocultural system?

A

biology: physical growth cognition: memory growth environment: religion, family, culture

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3
Q

Zone of proximal development

A

a child has a certain amount of skill and you can’t teach them something way above their knowledge or skill level, you have to build off increments and build knowledge and skill

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4
Q

The fetus is more susceptible to harm in the __ trimester

A

1st

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5
Q

What is different about the way toddlers interact with their environment compared to infants?

A

Learn to make judgements about what’s around them and adjusting accordingly

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6
Q

Why is play important in toddlerhood? is cooperative play typical at this age?

A

Start to develop gross and fine motor skills better, synapses develop better or prune; no parallel play (learning to share)

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7
Q

Which children are more indecent, those with secure or insecure attachment?

A

secure

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8
Q

What is the vocab of a typical three year old?

A

50-250 words; “why” “me do it”

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9
Q

Psychoanalytical theorists (5)

A

Stanley Hall
Freud
Erikson
Watson
Skinner

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10
Q

How much TV should children watch before age 2?

A

None

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11
Q

what are some interventions for parents with a toddler who is experiencing separation anxiety?

A

Gradual–using familiar family members to help babysit and reminders that you will be leaving; start out gradual

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12
Q

What are the three reflexes that all infants are born with?

A

Moro - startle reflex
Rooting - suckling
Grasp - wraps fingers around anything that touches palm

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13
Q

What can be some issues around maternal stress?

A

Hormones crossing the placental barrier and the fetus becoming stressed as well; too much too often can be harmful

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14
Q

What about family support and siblings with a new baby coming?

A

Make sure the kids how they will still be apart of the family and prepare them to be a big bro/sis

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15
Q

How do an infant’s experiences literally shape the infant’s brain?

A

Pruning synapses that are not used; specializing in what they are good at and constantly doing

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16
Q

What is the parents role in infants language development?

A

encourage and respond

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17
Q

what are sociocultural factors?

A

social and cultural (environmental) influences on development

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18
Q

how can counselors support toddlers (and their families) who are showing signs of gender dysphoria?

A

Support, education, helping to facilitate communication in a healthy way; teaching coping skills and exploration

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19
Q

Freud’s stages of development

A
  1. Oral-learning through eating, sucking, tasting
  2. Anal-learning through bodily functions; interactions
  3. Phallic-learning about being in a family
  4. Latent-learning outside family; social skills
  5. Genital-finding social role; hormones-sexual orientation
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20
Q

What are the four types of child neglect?

A

Physical, medial, educational, emotional

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21
Q

What do we mean when we say that human development is multidisciplinary?

A

medical, psychological, sociological, neurological, ect.

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22
Q

What are some relationship concerns during pregnancy?

A

planned pregnancy? frustrations with communication; body image; sexuality; mood

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23
Q

Psychosexual developmental theorist

A

Freud

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24
Q

father of behaviorism

A

John. B. Watson

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25
Q

Piaget’s stages of development

A
  1. sensorimotor - infants learn through sending
  2. preoperational - toddlers believe everyone sees the world the way they do; conservation theory
  3. concerete operations - school age children develop logic of simple operations right in front of them
  4. formal operations - reasoning and testing and logic with more complex problems
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26
Q

What are some sleep management techniques?

A

Extinction–letting child cry it out
Ferber method–slowly backing off; but responding for short periods telling the kid you’re there
Immediate Responding–responding to all cries

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27
Q

What term do we want to avoid to describe a individuals development?

A

normal vs. abnormal

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28
Q

Who are mandatory reports in the state of Nebraska?

A

Everyone

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29
Q

How does physical development in toddlerhood compare with that of infants? Slower? Same?`

A

Slower

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30
Q

Treating mental health issues with drugs at this time?

A

situational and depends on safety concerns

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31
Q

At what age do toddlers begin to develop memories?

A

3

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32
Q

Maturationist theorist

A

G. Stanley Hall

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33
Q

Believed development is heavily influenced by environmental factors

A

Uri Bronfenbrenner

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34
Q

Scaffolding

A

Helps the child learn the new skill by showing them how to do it, helping them to do it, watching them do it, letting them do it on their own

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35
Q

Theory that individuals had to recapitulate evolutionary stages of species development as they grew up; each stage laid the foundation for the next

A

Maturationist Theory (G. Stanley Hall)

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36
Q

Uri Bronfenbrenner’s stages of development

A

Microsystem-direct influences (parents, teachers) Mesosystem-relationships between micro (how family experience may effect school exp) Exosystem-links btwn social setting not in control over and ind. immediate context Macrosystem-culture in which ind. lives Chronosystem-patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course

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37
Q

What is the most common mental health issues in toddlers?

A

anxiety

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38
Q

How much sleep do toddlers need each day?

A

12-14 hrs

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39
Q

Theory that behavior is formed as a result of consequences experienced; behavior which is rewarded will continue

A

Operant conditioning (Skinner)

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40
Q

What is the federal law that provides for services to toddlers with developmental delays?

A

IDEA (individuals with disabilities act)

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41
Q

Can injury to a child be considered abuse if the harm was unintentional?

A

Yes

42
Q

How can the parent foster positive attachment?

A

be available and attend to cries/needs consistently; interaction be persistent and emotionally significant

43
Q

What is usually the cause of toddler temper tantrums?

A

Not being able to communicate their wants/feelings

44
Q

What do we mean when we say that human development is plastic?

A

ability to change

45
Q

Sociocultural perspective

A

Vygotsky

46
Q

What are some preventive interventions before birth to address developmental delays and the possibility of later learning disabilities?

A

not drinking, smoking, substance use; education on nutrition and prenatal care

47
Q

What do we mean when we say that human development is multidimensional?

A

physically/biologically, socially/cognitively

48
Q

What do we mean when we say that human development is multidirectional

A

growth and/or regression

49
Q

Describe the four categories of attachment

A

Securely-attached: feel safe/protected; willing to explore environment; socially competent; seek parent after separation and for comfort

Anxious-resistant: clingy; fearful to explore; stay close to caregiver bc they’re inconsistent

Avoidant-attached: quite; see mom as unavailable; suppress emotions; struggle socially bc prefer to play w/ objects over ppl

Disorganized-disoriented: dazed; confused; typical abuse/neglect behavior

50
Q

What is the best prevention strategy to address toddler sexual abuse?

A

Supervision

51
Q

What is the counselors role in the parents choice of day-care?

A

education and resources

52
Q

What do we mean when we say that human development is contextual?

A

influences with religion, environment, location, culture, family, ect. (different settings)

53
Q

Saw development as varies in which what environment and culture you’re in and time in which it’s culturally important

A

Vygotsky

54
Q

What are signs of typical gross motor skills of a three-year old?

A

very active–run, jump, climb

55
Q

What is the difference between positive and negative discipline?

A

(+) stopping a behavior; using discipline as a teaching tool; positive reinforcement and telling them what you want them to do and why what they did was not okay (-) consequences for behavior/negative punishment; logical/natural consequences can cause emotional distress-some outcomes are not what you want with this discipline

56
Q

What are mental health issues during pregnancy, both pre-existing and postpartum?

A

-medication use -anxiety and depression -safety -drug use and relapse is high -relapse of mental illness is high

57
Q

What are the two primary concerns with infant development?

A

healthy nutrition and environmental support

58
Q

Five stages of grief

A

Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance

59
Q

What do we mean when we say that human development is lifelong?

A

through the life course; not ending

60
Q

How does routine help with toddle sleep problems?

A

Consistency and being able to know what to expect can help them

61
Q

What are normative age-graded influences?

A

Things that happen at about the same age for everyone. ex: puberty at age 15, voting at age 18, preschool at age 4-5, ect.

62
Q

Which is more developed at birth sensory perceptions or motor skills?

A

sensory perceptions

63
Q

Social Cognitive Theory

A

Albert Bandura

64
Q

what are non-normative life events?

A

something that everyone could go through, but only a small population of people actually experience; ex: abuse, death, illness, ect.

65
Q

Cognitive Theorists (4)

A

Bandura Piaget Vygotsky Kohlberg

66
Q

Operant conditioning theorist

A

B. F. Skinner

67
Q

Erikson’s stages of development

A
  1. trust vs. mistrust-basic needs met or not
  2. autonomy vs. shame and doubt-try things on own or doubt abilities
  3. initiative vs guilt-initate tasks or feel guilty
  4. industry vs inferiority-confidence to perform a skill or feel inferior
  5. identity vs role confusion-understand how one fits into the world or is confused on role
  6. intimacy vs isolation-developing deep friendships or feels isolated
  7. generativity vs stagnation-wanting to give to next generation or feel rejected
  8. integrity vs despair-satisfied with life or regrets
68
Q

What are normative history-graded influences?

A

major historical events that happen to a group of people and they all experienced it; ex: war, natural disaster, 9/11, ect.

69
Q

What are some terms that we can use to describe an individuals development?

A

exceptional, healthy vs. unhealthy, typical vs. atypical

70
Q

What is social referencing?

A

Ability to observe and understand emotional cues of others and then use those to guide own behavior

71
Q

What is gender dysphoria?

A

Feeling distress about own gender identity

72
Q

What are some of the developmental milestones in each trimester of pregnancy?

A

1st-major structures and organs develop
2nd-organs begin to function, movement, hairs on skin
3rd-gains most weight, bones harden, less movement, hair comes off

73
Q

Describe the three infant temperaments

A

Easy-cheerful, recover quickly to changes in routine, regular bio rhythms, mod active

Difficult-tend to be fussy, intense emotional reactions, fearful of new situations

Slow to warm-passive, need time to adjust to new situations, withdraw or negatively react to new situations

74
Q

What are teratogens? How do they effect the fetus?

A

-any disease, drug, other environmental agent (meds, chemicals, infection) that have an effect on the developing fetus -effect depends on how long exposure was, when exposure occurred, how much of teratogen present

75
Q

What are some attributes of a quality daycare?

A

activities; nap time; ratio of staff; turnover ratio of staff; caring caregivers; nutrition program; environment is safe and secure

76
Q

What are some counseling issues in each trimester of pregnancy? Father’s concerns?

A

1st-is this really happening? 2nd-anxiety about being a parent; feeling it become real 3rd: excitement and stress about being a parent and the baby

77
Q

Learning through modeling or observational learning

A

Albert Bandura

78
Q

Describe a spoiled infant

A

There is NO spoiled infant

79
Q

Why is toddlerhood the age where we begin to be vigilant about child abuse/neglect?

A

Begin to assert independence and this age can be frustrating; need patience; ability to defend themselves is not really there yet

80
Q

Fine motor skills of a three year old?

A

starting to grab things and develop fine motor skills with hands/fingers; right/left preference, large piece puzzles, big blocks, musical toys, sand boxes with scoops, cups, trucks

81
Q

What are some of the challenges confronting the early school age child?

A

developing resilience
positive peer relationships
self-control

82
Q

what are two of the gross motor skills that early school age children develop that increase their independence

A

dressing self
increase risk taking/pushing physical limits

83
Q

what are the fine motor skills that early school age children develop?

A

grasp pencil with fingers rather than fist
cutting along a line with sizzors
string small beads
picking up small objects

84
Q

How does play contribute to physical development during early school age children?

A

develops muscles and coordination

85
Q

increase/improved neurological connections in early school age kids allows for ___?

A

increased language development, better hand-eye coordination, better motor control, increased cognitive ability

86
Q

Which of Piaget’s stages are early school age children in?

A

Preoperational (egocentric, concrete, scamas)

87
Q

What is Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development?

A

Assess where the child is individually and increase that gradually, just beyond what they already know

88
Q

How does egocentrism play into cognitive development of early school age children?

A

sharing difficulties, difficulties with understanding others point of view, accidents, not able to emphasize with others

89
Q

Early school aged children’s moral development is driven by?

A

always right/wrong; good/bad; all about avoiding punishment and black and white thinking

90
Q

What are the three stages of moral development, according to Kohlberg

A
  1. Preconventional thought-decisons based on avoiding punishment and satisfying own desires
  2. Conventonal thought-decisions based on listening to others and doing what is helpful; good girl/boy
  3. Postconventional thought-decisions based on universal ethical principles
91
Q

define self-concept

A

a child’s consistent perceptions about himself/herself, despite variations in behavior

92
Q

From a social standpoint, why is play important during early school age?

A

Learning cooperative play; learning different roles and prospectives; learning to get along

93
Q

define resilience

A

the process of, capacity for, or outcome of successful adaptation despite challenging or threatening circumstances

94
Q

what is self-efficacy?

A

confidence/assurrance you can be successful

95
Q

what type of parenting style foster resilence?

A

authoritative

96
Q

How does the development of friendships contribute to the development of social skills?

A

talking and interaction

97
Q

Why should preschools be noisy?

A

THEY”RE PLAYING

98
Q

What are the pros and cons of technology for early school age?

A

pros: use for disabilities/educational purposes
cons: lower social interactions and physical activity

99
Q

what is the main emotion that leads to temper tantrums?

A

Frustration; not able to communicate

100
Q

what are some interventions for temper tantrums?

A

be consistent; communicate; give options; knowing triggers

101
Q

What is the difference between behavior management and behavior modificiation?

A

Behavior management: focuses on changing behaviors; less structure

behavior modification: focuses on changing behavior; more intense; more specific and concrete; reinforcements

102
Q
A

Human Development (9 decks)

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