Review Ch 1-7 Flashcards
How do physical development and social readiness play into toilet training?
They have to be able to handle putting on their clothes with little help and control their bodies/functions; this will be a process/need patience
The biological system looks at? psychological system? sociocultural system?
biology: physical growth cognition: memory growth environment: religion, family, culture
Zone of proximal development
a child has a certain amount of skill and you can’t teach them something way above their knowledge or skill level, you have to build off increments and build knowledge and skill
The fetus is more susceptible to harm in the __ trimester
1st
What is different about the way toddlers interact with their environment compared to infants?
Learn to make judgements about what’s around them and adjusting accordingly
Why is play important in toddlerhood? is cooperative play typical at this age?
Start to develop gross and fine motor skills better, synapses develop better or prune; no parallel play (learning to share)
Which children are more indecent, those with secure or insecure attachment?
secure
What is the vocab of a typical three year old?
50-250 words; “why” “me do it”
Psychoanalytical theorists (5)
Stanley Hall
Freud
Erikson
Watson
Skinner
How much TV should children watch before age 2?
None
what are some interventions for parents with a toddler who is experiencing separation anxiety?
Gradual–using familiar family members to help babysit and reminders that you will be leaving; start out gradual
What are the three reflexes that all infants are born with?
Moro - startle reflex
Rooting - suckling
Grasp - wraps fingers around anything that touches palm
What can be some issues around maternal stress?
Hormones crossing the placental barrier and the fetus becoming stressed as well; too much too often can be harmful
What about family support and siblings with a new baby coming?
Make sure the kids how they will still be apart of the family and prepare them to be a big bro/sis
How do an infant’s experiences literally shape the infant’s brain?
Pruning synapses that are not used; specializing in what they are good at and constantly doing
What is the parents role in infants language development?
encourage and respond
what are sociocultural factors?
social and cultural (environmental) influences on development
how can counselors support toddlers (and their families) who are showing signs of gender dysphoria?
Support, education, helping to facilitate communication in a healthy way; teaching coping skills and exploration
Freud’s stages of development
- Oral-learning through eating, sucking, tasting
- Anal-learning through bodily functions; interactions
- Phallic-learning about being in a family
- Latent-learning outside family; social skills
- Genital-finding social role; hormones-sexual orientation
What are the four types of child neglect?
Physical, medial, educational, emotional
What do we mean when we say that human development is multidisciplinary?
medical, psychological, sociological, neurological, ect.
What are some relationship concerns during pregnancy?
planned pregnancy? frustrations with communication; body image; sexuality; mood
Psychosexual developmental theorist
Freud
father of behaviorism
John. B. Watson
Piaget’s stages of development
- sensorimotor - infants learn through sending
- preoperational - toddlers believe everyone sees the world the way they do; conservation theory
- concerete operations - school age children develop logic of simple operations right in front of them
- formal operations - reasoning and testing and logic with more complex problems
What are some sleep management techniques?
Extinction–letting child cry it out
Ferber method–slowly backing off; but responding for short periods telling the kid you’re there
Immediate Responding–responding to all cries
What term do we want to avoid to describe a individuals development?
normal vs. abnormal
Who are mandatory reports in the state of Nebraska?
Everyone
How does physical development in toddlerhood compare with that of infants? Slower? Same?`
Slower
Treating mental health issues with drugs at this time?
situational and depends on safety concerns
At what age do toddlers begin to develop memories?
3
Maturationist theorist
G. Stanley Hall
Believed development is heavily influenced by environmental factors
Uri Bronfenbrenner
Scaffolding
Helps the child learn the new skill by showing them how to do it, helping them to do it, watching them do it, letting them do it on their own
Theory that individuals had to recapitulate evolutionary stages of species development as they grew up; each stage laid the foundation for the next
Maturationist Theory (G. Stanley Hall)
Uri Bronfenbrenner’s stages of development
Microsystem-direct influences (parents, teachers) Mesosystem-relationships between micro (how family experience may effect school exp) Exosystem-links btwn social setting not in control over and ind. immediate context Macrosystem-culture in which ind. lives Chronosystem-patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course
What is the most common mental health issues in toddlers?
anxiety
How much sleep do toddlers need each day?
12-14 hrs
Theory that behavior is formed as a result of consequences experienced; behavior which is rewarded will continue
Operant conditioning (Skinner)
What is the federal law that provides for services to toddlers with developmental delays?
IDEA (individuals with disabilities act)
Can injury to a child be considered abuse if the harm was unintentional?
Yes
How can the parent foster positive attachment?
be available and attend to cries/needs consistently; interaction be persistent and emotionally significant
What is usually the cause of toddler temper tantrums?
Not being able to communicate their wants/feelings
What do we mean when we say that human development is plastic?
ability to change
Sociocultural perspective
Vygotsky
What are some preventive interventions before birth to address developmental delays and the possibility of later learning disabilities?
not drinking, smoking, substance use; education on nutrition and prenatal care
What do we mean when we say that human development is multidimensional?
physically/biologically, socially/cognitively
What do we mean when we say that human development is multidirectional
growth and/or regression
Describe the four categories of attachment
Securely-attached: feel safe/protected; willing to explore environment; socially competent; seek parent after separation and for comfort
Anxious-resistant: clingy; fearful to explore; stay close to caregiver bc they’re inconsistent
Avoidant-attached: quite; see mom as unavailable; suppress emotions; struggle socially bc prefer to play w/ objects over ppl
Disorganized-disoriented: dazed; confused; typical abuse/neglect behavior
What is the best prevention strategy to address toddler sexual abuse?
Supervision
What is the counselors role in the parents choice of day-care?
education and resources
What do we mean when we say that human development is contextual?
influences with religion, environment, location, culture, family, ect. (different settings)
Saw development as varies in which what environment and culture you’re in and time in which it’s culturally important
Vygotsky
What are signs of typical gross motor skills of a three-year old?
very active–run, jump, climb
What is the difference between positive and negative discipline?
(+) stopping a behavior; using discipline as a teaching tool; positive reinforcement and telling them what you want them to do and why what they did was not okay (-) consequences for behavior/negative punishment; logical/natural consequences can cause emotional distress-some outcomes are not what you want with this discipline
What are mental health issues during pregnancy, both pre-existing and postpartum?
-medication use -anxiety and depression -safety -drug use and relapse is high -relapse of mental illness is high
What are the two primary concerns with infant development?
healthy nutrition and environmental support
Five stages of grief
Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance
What do we mean when we say that human development is lifelong?
through the life course; not ending
How does routine help with toddle sleep problems?
Consistency and being able to know what to expect can help them
What are normative age-graded influences?
Things that happen at about the same age for everyone. ex: puberty at age 15, voting at age 18, preschool at age 4-5, ect.
Which is more developed at birth sensory perceptions or motor skills?
sensory perceptions
Social Cognitive Theory
Albert Bandura
what are non-normative life events?
something that everyone could go through, but only a small population of people actually experience; ex: abuse, death, illness, ect.
Cognitive Theorists (4)
Bandura Piaget Vygotsky Kohlberg
Operant conditioning theorist
B. F. Skinner
Erikson’s stages of development
- trust vs. mistrust-basic needs met or not
- autonomy vs. shame and doubt-try things on own or doubt abilities
- initiative vs guilt-initate tasks or feel guilty
- industry vs inferiority-confidence to perform a skill or feel inferior
- identity vs role confusion-understand how one fits into the world or is confused on role
- intimacy vs isolation-developing deep friendships or feels isolated
- generativity vs stagnation-wanting to give to next generation or feel rejected
- integrity vs despair-satisfied with life or regrets
What are normative history-graded influences?
major historical events that happen to a group of people and they all experienced it; ex: war, natural disaster, 9/11, ect.
What are some terms that we can use to describe an individuals development?
exceptional, healthy vs. unhealthy, typical vs. atypical
What is social referencing?
Ability to observe and understand emotional cues of others and then use those to guide own behavior
What is gender dysphoria?
Feeling distress about own gender identity
What are some of the developmental milestones in each trimester of pregnancy?
1st-major structures and organs develop
2nd-organs begin to function, movement, hairs on skin
3rd-gains most weight, bones harden, less movement, hair comes off
Describe the three infant temperaments
Easy-cheerful, recover quickly to changes in routine, regular bio rhythms, mod active
Difficult-tend to be fussy, intense emotional reactions, fearful of new situations
Slow to warm-passive, need time to adjust to new situations, withdraw or negatively react to new situations
What are teratogens? How do they effect the fetus?
-any disease, drug, other environmental agent (meds, chemicals, infection) that have an effect on the developing fetus -effect depends on how long exposure was, when exposure occurred, how much of teratogen present
What are some attributes of a quality daycare?
activities; nap time; ratio of staff; turnover ratio of staff; caring caregivers; nutrition program; environment is safe and secure
What are some counseling issues in each trimester of pregnancy? Father’s concerns?
1st-is this really happening? 2nd-anxiety about being a parent; feeling it become real 3rd: excitement and stress about being a parent and the baby
Learning through modeling or observational learning
Albert Bandura
Describe a spoiled infant
There is NO spoiled infant
Why is toddlerhood the age where we begin to be vigilant about child abuse/neglect?
Begin to assert independence and this age can be frustrating; need patience; ability to defend themselves is not really there yet
Fine motor skills of a three year old?
starting to grab things and develop fine motor skills with hands/fingers; right/left preference, large piece puzzles, big blocks, musical toys, sand boxes with scoops, cups, trucks
What are some of the challenges confronting the early school age child?
developing resilience
positive peer relationships
self-control
what are two of the gross motor skills that early school age children develop that increase their independence
dressing self
increase risk taking/pushing physical limits
what are the fine motor skills that early school age children develop?
grasp pencil with fingers rather than fist
cutting along a line with sizzors
string small beads
picking up small objects
How does play contribute to physical development during early school age children?
develops muscles and coordination
increase/improved neurological connections in early school age kids allows for ___?
increased language development, better hand-eye coordination, better motor control, increased cognitive ability
Which of Piaget’s stages are early school age children in?
Preoperational (egocentric, concrete, scamas)
What is Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development?
Assess where the child is individually and increase that gradually, just beyond what they already know
How does egocentrism play into cognitive development of early school age children?
sharing difficulties, difficulties with understanding others point of view, accidents, not able to emphasize with others
Early school aged children’s moral development is driven by?
always right/wrong; good/bad; all about avoiding punishment and black and white thinking
What are the three stages of moral development, according to Kohlberg
- Preconventional thought-decisons based on avoiding punishment and satisfying own desires
- Conventonal thought-decisions based on listening to others and doing what is helpful; good girl/boy
- Postconventional thought-decisions based on universal ethical principles
define self-concept
a child’s consistent perceptions about himself/herself, despite variations in behavior
From a social standpoint, why is play important during early school age?
Learning cooperative play; learning different roles and prospectives; learning to get along
define resilience
the process of, capacity for, or outcome of successful adaptation despite challenging or threatening circumstances
what is self-efficacy?
confidence/assurrance you can be successful
what type of parenting style foster resilence?
authoritative
How does the development of friendships contribute to the development of social skills?
talking and interaction
Why should preschools be noisy?
THEY”RE PLAYING
What are the pros and cons of technology for early school age?
pros: use for disabilities/educational purposes
cons: lower social interactions and physical activity
what is the main emotion that leads to temper tantrums?
Frustration; not able to communicate
what are some interventions for temper tantrums?
be consistent; communicate; give options; knowing triggers
What is the difference between behavior management and behavior modificiation?
Behavior management: focuses on changing behaviors; less structure
behavior modification: focuses on changing behavior; more intense; more specific and concrete; reinforcements
