Ch 3: Conception and Prenatal Development Flashcards
Includes the first 13 weeks of prenatal development
First trimester
Cognitive development of the brain structures (3)
Primitive hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain develop leading to the development of fully-developed brain structures
pons function
controls relay signals for sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, taste, eye movement, and posture
generally appears within the first 3 months after birth, but may take up to a year for symptoms to arise
Postpartum depression
During the third trimester (28+ week) the fetus
-Moves, kicks, stretches, but slows because of increase size -Gains most weight (1/2 pound/week) -Lanugo (fine hair) disappears -Bones harden, except the skull (soft for delivery)
fathers psychological concerns and issues through first trimester
-sense of disbelief, is this real? -will pregnancy be successful?
During the first trimester (first 13 weeks) the fetus
-Develops in a cephalocaudal (head to toe) direction, meaning structures near the head develop faster -All major organs and structures begin to form -Heart begins to beat after 8 weeks, blood begins to circulate -Hair starts to grow -Tooth buds form
During the second trimester (week 14-27) the fetus
-Organs develop further and begin to function -Fetus can swallow, hear, pee, suck -Genitals, eyebrows/lashes, fingernails form -Skin covers with vernix (a waxy coating) and lanugo (fine hair) -Moves, kicks, sleeps and wakes
Maternal nutriton
a well-balanced diet is critical for healthy fetal development
frontal lobe function
controls thought, voluntary behavior (walking, speech, problem solving), and some aspects of emotion
Mental health disorders during pregnancy
-depression & anxiety most common (10-15%) -increase chance of relapse -medication issues -postpartum depression
Domestic violence risks
risk of miscarriage, vaginal bleeding, low birth weight, fetal injury
mothers psychological concerns and issues through second trimester
-general sense of well-being is typical -feel increased dependence on partner -increased anxiety over body image
Social and emotional development
-connections between mother’s emotions and baby -emotional expressions of the fetus start after 10 weeks -Around 6 months fetus can share mothers emotions -If mother experiences distress the fetus emotional development can be affected
Physically, a fetus undergoes the most dramatic changes within the ___ weeks of life.
first 8 weeks
Relationship concerns
-feelings about mothers changing body -emotional instability -shifting sexuality
5 Stages of grief
Denial: initial shock Anger: seeking someone to blame Bargaining: “if we had done this..” Depression: feelings of sadness and regret Acceptance
fathers psychological concerns and issues through second trimester
-as mother starts to show, start to think about responsibilities as a father
types of teratogens
-smoking -alcohol -drugs -diseases -violence
parietal lobe function
controls taste, touch, recognition of objects, and hand-eye coordination
teratogens effects depend on (4)
-when exposure occurred -how long the exposure lasted -how much of teratogen was present in body -genetic susceptibility of mother and fetus
Occipital lobe function
controls vision and visual recognition
spinal cord function
controls nerve tissue and supports cells while connecting the central nervous system; conducts motor information, sensory information and coronation reflexes
define malnutrition
one or more essential nutrients are missing or in the wrong proportions; can lead to behavioral issues, altered cognitive functioning and disturbance in learning/memory
mothers psychological concerns and issues through third trimester
-anticipation -concern over labor and delivery -body image concerns
what are teratogens
any disease, drug, or environmental agent that can harm a developing fetus
what is maternal stress include
-mother’s stress hormones can cross placental barrier -can cause fetus to overreact to stimuli -can lead to spontaneous abortion, preeclampsia, preterm labor, reduced birthweight, reduced head circum.
temporal lobe function
controls hearing, some language, smell, portions of memory, emotions and fear
medulla function
controls autonomic nervous system functioning and connects the brain and spinal cord; contains reflexes, respiration, and cardiac functions
Includes weeks 28 and beyond
Third trimester
mothers psychological concerns and issues through first trimester
-emotional highs and lows magnified -heightened anxiety over possibility of miscarriage
Risks to healthy prenatal development
-maternal nutrition -maternal stress -teratogens -domestic violence
define undernutrition
all the nutrients are available, but not in sufficient amounts
fathers psychological concerns and issues through third trimester
-it becomes real as feeling baby move
Includes weeks 14-27
Second trimester
Developed the 5 stages of grief
Kubler-Ross