Ch 6: Preschool: Early School Age (3-6)

Question 1

T/F: establishing friendships is one of the major development tasks of preschoolers

Answer 1

T; children who don’t build friendships need to be identified early and intervention put in place

Question 2

Developed stages of moral development that he believed were hierarchical

Answer 2

Kohlberg

Question 3

parenting styles

Answer 3

Authoritative-high, realistic expectations, warm and loving support, consistent rules and behavioral expectations Authoritarian-very strict, low warmth Permissive-passive/do whatever; not strict on rules; give too much to kids to decide Neglectful-not there

Question 4

social and emotional development of 5 year old

Answer 4

wide group of friends and play cooperatively understand rules may prefer to interact with peers of the same gender cooperative skills lead to positive relationships and friendships

Question 5

What is the difference between ODD and conduct disorder?

Answer 5

level of aggression ODD non violent; defiant CD-physically violent

Question 6

having a positive level of self-efficacy and self esteem, positive future expectations, good coping skills, personal control, problem solving abilities, initiative, optimistic thinking and internal motivation

Answer 6

resilience

Question 7

A child’s consistent perceptions about himself or herself, despite variations in behavior

Answer 7

self-concept

Question 8

T/F: children may use play to understand a traumatic experience

Answer 8

T; they may recreate an unpleasant experience repeatedly to assimilate it and diminish the intensity of emotions

Question 9

4 to 5 year olds begin to (cognitively)

Answer 9

-develop problem-solving skills -understand cause and effect -still egocentric -thinking is still concrete

Question 10

How does the parents viewpoint on the child’s play have an effect?

Answer 10

Parents reactions

Question 11

Increased/improved neurological connections allow for:

Answer 11

increased language development better hand-eye coordination better motor control increased cognitive ability

Question 12

How does play contribute to physical development at this age?

Answer 12

Helps build muscles and coordination

Question 13

Postconventional thought (Kohlberg)

Answer 13

decisions based on universal ethical principles

Question 14

Do preschoolers understand what accidents are?

Answer 14

No; the child doesn’t understand others motives (still egocentric)

Question 15

T/F: preschoolers begin to internalize feelings of competence and sense that they are capable

Answer 15

T; help them internalize by helping them be successful; provide activities that are a bit challenging but they can successfully accomplish

Question 16

The ability to symbolically represent concrete objects, actions and events

Answer 16

symbolic thought/make-believe play

Question 17

Should the preschool environment be noisy?

Answer 17

YES THEY”RE PLAYING

Question 18

Behavior management vs. behavior modification

Answer 18

Bman-focus is on maintaining order; Less intense; rewards and working toward a goal; now we are viewing behavior more general; start with a specific behavior and observe/see how often it happens then start observing and rewarding Bmod-the focus is on changing behavior; positive reinforcement with goals and getting things for positive behavior (token economy)

Question 19

Developing resilience, positive peer relationships, and self-control are just a few of the challenges confronting the early school-aged child

Answer 19

Preschool–building relationships beyond the family

Question 20

T/F: tantrums are typical for 2 and 3 year olds, but should decline by age 4

Answer 20

T

Question 21

the most advanced form of social and symbolic play

Answer 21

socio-dramatic play -imitation of real-life, drama, fantasy, role-playing -gives opportunity to act out relationships and the experiences of others

Question 22

T/F: resilient children take positive action; they seek out opportunities to better their lives

Answer 22

T

Question 23

Tantrums are made worse by

Answer 23

inconsistent discipline, parents being too overbearing or too protective, lack of parental attention, interference with play, parental marital or emotional problems, sibling rivalry, illness, hunger, thirst, speech problems, too much criticism

Question 24

Risks to healthy preschool development

Answer 24

not resilience poor social skills technology (depends)

Question 25

Characteristics of Piaget's preoperational stage

Answer 25

-form schemas and sort info into categories in large general groups (things that fly are birds) -egocentric -conservation

Question 26

T/F: active engagement in academics and extracurricular activities as well as cognitive ability is correlated to resiliency

Answer 26

T

Question 27

What stage of Piaget's developmental theory are school aged children in?

Answer 27

Preoperational stage

Question 28

Moral development of preschoolers

Answer 28

actions and people are always right or always wrong, always good or always bad; behavior is right or wrong depending on whether or not it results in punishment, how much damage done and what rules broken

Question 29

Sociocultural theory & theorist

Answer 29

Vogotsky -social interactions aid in cognitive development -language plays primary role -a child's culture determines the nature of learning -no two children will have identical development

Question 30

preconventional thought (Kohlberg)

Answer 30

decisions are based on avoiding punishment and satisfying one's own desires

Question 31

T/F: Tantrums typically happen with a particular person in a particular place or situation

Answer 31

T

Question 32

Scaffolding

Answer 32

Showing them how to do it; helping them do it; watching them do it; doing it on own

Question 33

Kohlberg critics

Answer 33

based on western culture males think on higher moral levels

Question 34

T/F: children throw tantrums on purpose and to embarrass the parent

Answer 34

F

Question 35

How is routine helpful for preschoolers?

Answer 35

Someone they come to expect

Question 36

Pros of technology in preschool

Answer 36

education, learning, problem solving, help with disabilities

Question 37

An expression of a child's physical, mental, or emotional frustration in the challenges of the moment

Answer 37

Temper tantrums

Question 38

Is solitary play always cause for concern?

Answer 38

Not always

Question 39

T/F: Preschoolers start to consider what is right and wrong?

Answer 39

T; but in terms of absolutes

Question 40

What areas could create concern for caregivers as far as physical development at this stage?

Answer 40

Keeping them safe; looking for children who are behind or atypical compared to others physical development

Question 41

Fine motor skills in preschool

Answer 41

grasp pencil, crayon with fingers rather than fist cutting along a line with scissors string small beads picking up small objects

Question 42

Play therapy is a powerful tool for counselors working with preschoolers. what are some examples?

Answer 42

-sand box-building a scene and talking through it -coloring and drawing family pictures and talking through it -doll house

Question 43

According to Erikson the crisis of preschoolers is?

Answer 43

Initiative vs. guilt

Question 44

While having different challenges, what might be some social skills concerns for children on the autism spectrum and those with ADHD?

Answer 44

Autism-- low ability to read emotions; poor social skills; ADHD-- difficulty focusing, trouble learning, frustration, temper, impulsive

Question 45

"the happy display of know actions" an open-minded experience that should be minimally scripted, completely spontaneous

Answer 45

Piaget

Question 46

conventional thought (Kohlberg)

Answer 46

decisions are based on listening to others and doing what is helpful; being a good girl or boy

Question 47

T/F: positive role models outside the family, recreational facilities and programs, and safe neighborhoods foster resilience

Answer 47

T

Question 48

cons of technology in preschool

Answer 48

less active, could delay social skills, not learning emotional cues

Question 49

Body changes in early school age child

Answer 49

child becomes leaner proportions become more adult-like

Question 50

Zone of proximal development

Answer 50

Assess where the child is and their skill level and gradually move them to the next step; we are all have a certain knowledge level and you cannot teach beyond that you have to take steps to get there

Question 51

the importance of play

Answer 51

-increases preschooler independence and also lead to increased anxiety

Question 52

stages of Kohlberg's moral development

Answer 52

Preconventional thought conventional thought postconventional thought

Question 53

the process of, capacity for, or outcome of successful adaptation despite challenging or threatening circumstances

Answer 53

resilience

Question 54

This stage is beyond preschoolers, but Kohlberg believed that they needed to be exposed to moral thinking at this level in order to facilitate growth

Answer 54

conventional thought

Question 55

T/F: children develop positive self-concept by being told they are good.

Answer 55

F; they must take initiative, experience a challenge and succeed

Question 56

Helpful interventions for tantrums

Answer 56

-setting up these situation and being consistent and planning -understanding and managing triggers -almost all experiences are new; understanding the anxiety is important

Question 57

social and emotional development of a 4 year old

Answer 57

become better at sharing and playing "with" other children

Question 58

Egocentric thought

Answer 58

preschoolers have a difficult time understanding another's point of view (they may be able to tell you hitting someone is wrong, but not know why)

Question 59

Gross motor skills in preschool

Answer 59

improved gross motor skills lead to more independence (dressing self, increased risk taking and pushing their physical limitations)

Question 60

social and emotional development of 3 year olds

Answer 60

magical thinking and fantasies, imaginary friends

Question 61

T/F: temper tantrums are a reaction to an anxiety producing situation with limited communication skills

Answer 61

T