Ch 6: Preschool: Early School Age (3-6) Flashcards
T/F: establishing friendships is one of the major development tasks of preschoolers
T; children who don’t build friendships need to be identified early and intervention put in place
Developed stages of moral development that he believed were hierarchical
Kohlberg
parenting styles
Authoritative-high, realistic expectations, warm and loving support, consistent rules and behavioral expectations Authoritarian-very strict, low warmth Permissive-passive/do whatever; not strict on rules; give too much to kids to decide Neglectful-not there
social and emotional development of 5 year old
wide group of friends and play cooperatively understand rules may prefer to interact with peers of the same gender cooperative skills lead to positive relationships and friendships
What is the difference between ODD and conduct disorder?
level of aggression ODD non violent; defiant CD-physically violent
having a positive level of self-efficacy and self esteem, positive future expectations, good coping skills, personal control, problem solving abilities, initiative, optimistic thinking and internal motivation
resilience
A child’s consistent perceptions about himself or herself, despite variations in behavior
self-concept
T/F: children may use play to understand a traumatic experience
T; they may recreate an unpleasant experience repeatedly to assimilate it and diminish the intensity of emotions
4 to 5 year olds begin to (cognitively)
-develop problem-solving skills -understand cause and effect -still egocentric -thinking is still concrete
How does the parents viewpoint on the child’s play have an effect?
Parents reactions
Increased/improved neurological connections allow for:
increased language development better hand-eye coordination better motor control increased cognitive ability
How does play contribute to physical development at this age?
Helps build muscles and coordination
Postconventional thought (Kohlberg)
decisions based on universal ethical principles
Do preschoolers understand what accidents are?
No; the child doesn’t understand others motives (still egocentric)
T/F: preschoolers begin to internalize feelings of competence and sense that they are capable
T; help them internalize by helping them be successful; provide activities that are a bit challenging but they can successfully accomplish
The ability to symbolically represent concrete objects, actions and events
symbolic thought/make-believe play
Should the preschool environment be noisy?
YES THEY”RE PLAYING
Behavior management vs. behavior modification
Bman-focus is on maintaining order; Less intense; rewards and working toward a goal; now we are viewing behavior more general; start with a specific behavior and observe/see how often it happens then start observing and rewarding Bmod-the focus is on changing behavior; positive reinforcement with goals and getting things for positive behavior (token economy)
Developing resilience, positive peer relationships, and self-control are just a few of the challenges confronting the early school-aged child
Preschool–building relationships beyond the family
T/F: tantrums are typical for 2 and 3 year olds, but should decline by age 4
T
the most advanced form of social and symbolic play
socio-dramatic play -imitation of real-life, drama, fantasy, role-playing -gives opportunity to act out relationships and the experiences of others
T/F: resilient children take positive action; they seek out opportunities to better their lives
T
Tantrums are made worse by
inconsistent discipline, parents being too overbearing or too protective, lack of parental attention, interference with play, parental marital or emotional problems, sibling rivalry, illness, hunger, thirst, speech problems, too much criticism
Risks to healthy preschool development
not resilience poor social skills technology (depends)
Characteristics of Piaget’s preoperational stage
-form schemas and sort info into categories in large general groups (things that fly are birds) -egocentric -conservation
T/F: active engagement in academics and extracurricular activities as well as cognitive ability is correlated to resiliency
T
What stage of Piaget’s developmental theory are school aged children in?
Preoperational stage
Moral development of preschoolers
actions and people are always right or always wrong, always good or always bad; behavior is right or wrong depending on whether or not it results in punishment, how much damage done and what rules broken
Sociocultural theory & theorist
Vogotsky -social interactions aid in cognitive development -language plays primary role -a child’s culture determines the nature of learning -no two children will have identical development
preconventional thought (Kohlberg)
decisions are based on avoiding punishment and satisfying one’s own desires
T/F: Tantrums typically happen with a particular person in a particular place or situation
T
Scaffolding
Showing them how to do it; helping them do it; watching them do it; doing it on own
Kohlberg critics
based on western culture males think on higher moral levels
T/F: children throw tantrums on purpose and to embarrass the parent
F
How is routine helpful for preschoolers?
Someone they come to expect
Pros of technology in preschool
education, learning, problem solving, help with disabilities
An expression of a child’s physical, mental, or emotional frustration in the challenges of the moment
Temper tantrums
Is solitary play always cause for concern?
Not always
T/F: Preschoolers start to consider what is right and wrong?
T; but in terms of absolutes
What areas could create concern for caregivers as far as physical development at this stage?
Keeping them safe; looking for children who are behind or atypical compared to others physical development
Fine motor skills in preschool
grasp pencil, crayon with fingers rather than fist cutting along a line with scissors string small beads picking up small objects
Play therapy is a powerful tool for counselors working with preschoolers. what are some examples?
-sand box-building a scene and talking through it -coloring and drawing family pictures and talking through it -doll house
According to Erikson the crisis of preschoolers is?
Initiative vs. guilt
While having different challenges, what might be some social skills concerns for children on the autism spectrum and those with ADHD?
Autism– low ability to read emotions; poor social skills; ADHD– difficulty focusing, trouble learning, frustration, temper, impulsive
“the happy display of know actions” an open-minded experience that should be minimally scripted, completely spontaneous
Piaget
conventional thought (Kohlberg)
decisions are based on listening to others and doing what is helpful; being a good girl or boy
T/F: positive role models outside the family, recreational facilities and programs, and safe neighborhoods foster resilience
T
cons of technology in preschool
less active, could delay social skills, not learning emotional cues
Body changes in early school age child
child becomes leaner proportions become more adult-like
Zone of proximal development
Assess where the child is and their skill level and gradually move them to the next step; we are all have a certain knowledge level and you cannot teach beyond that you have to take steps to get there
the importance of play
-increases preschooler independence and also lead to increased anxiety
stages of Kohlberg’s moral development
Preconventional thought conventional thought postconventional thought
the process of, capacity for, or outcome of successful adaptation despite challenging or threatening circumstances
resilience
This stage is beyond preschoolers, but Kohlberg believed that they needed to be exposed to moral thinking at this level in order to facilitate growth
conventional thought
T/F: children develop positive self-concept by being told they are good.
F; they must take initiative, experience a challenge and succeed
Helpful interventions for tantrums
-setting up these situation and being consistent and planning -understanding and managing triggers -almost all experiences are new; understanding the anxiety is important
social and emotional development of a 4 year old
become better at sharing and playing “with” other children
Egocentric thought
preschoolers have a difficult time understanding another’s point of view (they may be able to tell you hitting someone is wrong, but not know why)
Gross motor skills in preschool
improved gross motor skills lead to more independence (dressing self, increased risk taking and pushing their physical limitations)
social and emotional development of 3 year olds
magical thinking and fantasies, imaginary friends
T/F: temper tantrums are a reaction to an anxiety producing situation with limited communication skills
T
