Ch 2: Theories of Human Dev Flashcards
Erikson’s 2-3-4 stage of development
- Autonomy vs. Shame Doubt
- Initiative vs. Guilt
- Industry vs. Inferiority
Erikson’s developmental stage: Trust vs. Mistrust
(1) If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust. Negative outcomes cause withdrawal from abuse and neglect
Erikson’s first 3 stages of development
- Trust vs Mistrust
- Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
- Initiative vs. Guilt
Behavior is formed as a result of consequences experienced
Operant Conditioning – B. F. Skinner
Social Cognitive Theory
Observational learning; learning through observing others
Jean Piaget’s developmental stage: sensorimotor stage
Infants (0-2) learn through their senses; OBJECT PERMANENCE occurs with the infant able to symbolize the object and realize that objects exist even if out of sensory experience
Erikson’s stage of development: Initiative vs. Guilt
(3) Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent
Erikson’s developmental stage: Intimacy vs. Isolation
(6) Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated
An infant’s primary interaction with the world is through the mouth. The mouth is vital for eating, tasting and sucking. If need is not met, the child may develop an oral fixation later in life (e.g. thumb sucking, smoking, fingernail biting, overeating) (which Freud’s stage of development?)
Oral Stage (birth to 1)
Who emphasized development from within a social context – not sexual
Erik Erikson
During this stage, children develop social skills, values, and relationships with peers and adults outside the family. (Freud)
Latent Stage (6-11)
Bronfenbrenner stage of development: Mesosystem
Relationships between microsystem: family & school, school & church. (children who’s parents reject/neglect them may have difficulty developing positive relations with peers/teachers)
Erikson’s 1-4 stages of development
- Trust vs Mistrust
- Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
- Initiative vs. Guilt
- Industry vs. Inferiority
Emphasizes the role of culture in promoting certain types of activities; children master tasks that are deemed culturally important
Sociocultural perspective – Lev Vygotsky
Bronfenbrenner’s stage of development: Microsystem
the immediate surroundings of the individual and their interactions (most direct): parents, peers, teachers
Jean Piaget’s developmental stage: Preoperational stage
Early adolescents (2-7) believe everyone sees the world the way they do (EGOCENTRISM); development of CONSERVATION (the ability to understand that quantity does not change if the shape changes)
Erikson’s 8 stages of development
- Trust vs Mistrust
- Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
- Initiative vs. Guilt
- Industry vs. Inferiority
- Identity vs. Role Confusion
- Intimacy vs. Isolation
- Generativity vs. Stagnation
- Integrity vs. Despair
Behavior which is rewarded will continue
operant conditioning – B. F. Skinner
____’s theory of cognitive development describes how humans gather and organize information and how this process changes developmentally.
Jean Piaget
Behaviorism theorists (3)
John B. Watson (1878-1958)
B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)
Albert Bandura (1925-)
Each stage presents a unique developmental task or “crisis” (what theorist?)
Erikson
Believed that social and cultural interaction guide cognitive development
Sociocultural perspective – Lev Vygotsky
Erikson’s 4-5-6 stage of development
- Industry vs. Inferiority
- Identity vs. Role Confusion
- Intimacy vs. Isolation
Erikson’s 5-6-7 stage of development
- Identity vs. Role Confusion
- Intimacy vs. Isolation
- Generativity vs. Stagnation
During this stage, people develop a strong interest in the opposite sex, and the onset of puberty causes the libido to become active once again. (Freud)
Genital Stage (11-18)
Development is a result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment.
Epigenetic Theory of Development (Erikson)
Erikson’s 6-7-8 stage of development
- Intimacy vs. Isolation
- Generativity vs. Stagnation
- Integrity vs. Despair
Development is in stages, progress through each stage is in part determined by success, or lack of success, in all previous stages. (what theorist?)
Erikson
Believed that a person’s psychological responses and behaviors were reflections of biological instinctual drives.
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Sociocultural perspective
Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934)
Developed Maturationist theory
Granville Stanley Hall (1844-1924)
Erikson’s 8 stages of development
- Trust vs Mistrust
- Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
- Initiative vs. Guilt
- Industry vs. Inferiority
- Identity vs. Role Confusion
- Intimacy vs. Isolation
- Generativity vs. Stagnation
- Integrity vs. Despair
Believed that children are born with a very basic mental structure on which all subsequent learning and knowledge is based.
Jean Piaget
Bronfenbrenner’s stage of development: Macrosystem
Influences the individual directly, but the individual has less influence in determining setting. Includes aspects of culture, freedoms permitted by the government, cultural values, economy, wars, behavior patterns, beliefs (across generations), SES, poverty, ethnicity, ect.
During the first six years we develop ways to resolve conflicts between the desire for pleasure and the demands, often repressive, encountered in reality. (what theorist?)
Freud
Zone of proximal development
A child has a certain amount of skills and you can’t teach them something way above their knowledge and skills, you have to build off increments and build knowledge and skills
Freud’s stages of development.
- Oral Stage (birth to 1) 2. Anal Stage (1-3) 3. Phallic Stage (3-6) 4. Latent Stage (6-11) 5. Genital Stage (11-18)
Scaffolding
Help the child learn the new skill by showing them how to do it, helping them do it, watching them do it, then letting them do it on their own
The process of making a new schema is called
accommodation
____ was a strong believer in the scientific method and its application to the study of human nature.
Granville Stanley Hall (1844-1924)
“Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I will guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select…Doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief…And yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.”
John B. Watson
Erikson’s 5-8 stage of development
- Identity vs. Role Confusion
- Intimacy vs. Isolation
- Generativity vs. Stagnation
- Integrity vs. Despair
A systematic statement of general principles that provides a coherent framework for understanding how and why people change over time with respect to their behaviors, attitudes, thoughts, philosophies, physical, and psychological capabilities.
a developmental theory
The belief that personal achievement depends on one’s actions
Self-efficacy
Refers to the cognitive structures by which an individual organizes his or her experience and environment
schema
Ecological Systems Theory of development
Uri Bronfenbrenner (1917-2005)
Social Cognitive Theorist
Albert Bandura
Bronfenbrenner’s 5 environmental systems significant for understanding human development
Microsystem
Mesosystem
Exosystem
Macrosystem
Chronosystem
With the development of new cells and the control provided by those cells, the focus shifts to controlling bladder and bowel movements. Toilet training happens in this stage. Too much pressure can result in excessive need for order or cleanliness, while too little pressure can lead to messy or destructive behavior (Freud)
Anal Stage (1-3)
Process of adaptation
(a) first a new encounter; (b) an experience of disequilibrium, discomfort of not quite understanding or being able to make sense of the new encounter, and then (c) the process of adaptation
These theories emphasize unfolding of conscious thought and the developing abilities to process, store, retrieve, and use information.
Cognitive Theories
According to this theory, a child’s development occurs within a complex system of relationships including parent-child interactions; the extended family, school, and neighborhood; and the general society and culture.
Ecological Systems Theory of development – Uri Bronfenbrenner
Observational Learning – Imitation or modeling definition
Learning which occurs through observing what others do
Maintained that children actively construct their knowledge, but disagreed with Piaget’s idea that progression through the cognitive stages was natural and invariant
Sociocultural perspective – Lev Vygotsky
Founder of psychoanalytic theories
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
The father of American Behaviorism
John B. Watson
The focus of the id’s instinctual energies shifts to the genitals. It is during this period that children develop an attraction to the opposite-sex parent. Also when the child adopts the values and characteristics of the same-sex parent and from the superego. Learning about the parents and being in a family. (what stage of Freud’s development?)
Phallic Stage (3-6)
Jean Piaget’s cognitive development stages (4)
Sensorimotor (0-2)
Preoperational (2-7)
Concrete Operations (7-11)
Formal Operations (11+)
Jean Piaget’s cognitive development stage: Concrete operations
Adolescents (7-11) develop logic of basic tasks and concrete problems and objects
Credited with discovering that thoughts, not just experience, contribute to human development.
Jean Piaget
It is the dynamic process of conflict resolution that shapes one’s development and later life styles. (what theorist?)
Freud
Identity vs. Role Confusion
(5) Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are.
Industry vs. Inferiority
(4) Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior
Bronfenbrenner stage of development: Chronosystem
Patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course + sociohistorical circumstances: divorce, death of a family member, more woman in the workforce
Describes how humans gather and organize information and how this process changes developmentally
cognitive theory – Jean Piaget
____ was a pioneering American psychologist and educator. His interested focused on childhood development, evolutionary theory, and their application to education.
Granville Stanley Hall (1844-1924)
Jean Piaget’s stage of development: Formal Operations
Late adolescents (11+) develop reasoning and start testing their ideas; they are logical with more complex problems; become concerned with the hypothetical, future and ideological problems.
Erikson’s stage of development: Integrity vs. Despair
(8) When reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure.
Saw development as varies in which what environment and culture you are in and time in which it’s culturally important (e.g. cursive handwriting back in the 90’s and before, and in 2015 it’s not reached)–cultural relevance
Sociocultural perspective – Lev Vygotsky
Developed operant Conditioning
B. F. Skinner
Bronfenbrenner’s stage of development: Exosystem
Links between social settings in which the individual does not have an active role: home-life and parent work-life. (because of parent work schedule, child may see one parent less which may affect patterns of interaction with the child)
Development is heavily influenced by environmental factors
Ecological Systems Theory of development – Uri Bronfenbrenner
Erikson’s stage of development: Generativity vs. Stagnation
(7) In middle age, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose
Cognitive Theorist (2)
Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934)
Erikson’s stage of development: Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
(2) Toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities
Epigenetic theory of development (what theorist?)
Erik Erikson
Maturationist Theory
Emphasized the importance of genetics and evolution and was based on the premise that growing children would RECAPITULATE EVOLUTIONARY STAGES OF SPECIES DEVELOPMENT AS THEY GREW UP. It would be counterproductive to push a child ahead of any one developmental stage since each stage laid the foundation for the next. Everyone would need to crawl before learning to walk.
